China to Launch QUESS, World's First Quantum Space Satellite, in July

QUESS

China to Launch World's First Quantum Space Satellite in July

Chinese physicists reportedly inaugurated the quantum satellite development program in 2011. In 2013, quantum optical fiber communication was introduced across the Beijing-Shanghai line.

"Pan Team" - Today's headlines (TouTiao.com)
"Professor Jianwei and his collaborators began in 1997, the first teleportation of quantum states, which is actually opened the quantum communication (research) of a prelude. After his return he led the team, not just from the quantum communication, and soon expanded into quantum computing, etc., so the national computing ten years in quantum communication, quantum, from followers soon became a leader in this area Jianwei and his team made a great contribution . "in April 2015, in the course of the Forum for the future, a physics professor at Peking University Xie Xincheng commented Pan Jianwei.
The power of nature into. January 8, 2016, "multi-photon entanglement and interferometry" Chinese Academy of Sciences academician Pan Jianwei and his team, the highest award in the field of Science and Technology of China - National Natural Science Award.

China's Quantum Satellite Could Change Cryptography Forever | Popular Science
The Quantum Space Satellite, aka Quantum Experiments at Space Scale (QUESS), will seek to turn this theory into reality. It will be launched in July 2016. Chief scientist Pan Jianwei remarks that QUESS will complete China's growing quantum communications network, which includes a 2,000-kilometer-long network between Beijing and Shanghai.
QUESS's function is to test the phenomena of quantum entanglement. Operated by the China Academy of Sciences, this 500kg satellite contains a quantum key communicator, quantum entanglement emitter, entanglement source, processing unit, and a laser communicator. QUESS will relay transmissions between two ground stations (one in China, and the other in Europe) transmitting quantum keys. Pan remarked that the distances involved (the QUESS orbits at an altitude of 1,000km) is ideal for testing quantum teleportation of photons. Additionally, the Austrian Academy of Sciences will provide the optical receivers for the European ground stations.

Related/Background:

•  Long-Distance Quantum Cryptography - IEEE Spectrum
• EU and China prepare for 2nd quantum revolution - CCTV News - CCTV.com English 
• x
• P. Wang, X. Zhang, G. Chen, K. Pham and E. Blasch, "Quantum key distribution for security guarantees over quantum-repeater-based QoS-driven 3D satellite networks," 2014 IEEE Global Communications Conference, Austin, TX, 2014, pp. 728-733.
  doi: 10.1109/GLOCOM.2014.7036894
  Abstract: In recent years, quantum-based techniques have attracted significant research attention because of its unique advantages on satellite communications, especially for security problem. Security guarantee is one of the most important requirements in QoS-driven 3D satellite networks. Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a methodology for generating and distributing random encryption keys using the principles of quantum physics, which enables two distant communications parties to securely communicate in a way that cannot be eavesdropped on without being detected. Although the QKD method can ensure the absolute security transmission over 3D satellite networks, it imposes many new implementation challenges due to the various limitations on quantum communication over long distances via 3D free space, including quantum channel attenuation, photon-state disruption and vulnerability to noise/interference, laser-beam widening, and constrained security-key generation rate. These problems get even more challenging when QoS provisioning is required for the applications over the 3D satellite networks. To overcome the aforementioned difficulties, we propose the framework to efficiently implement the QKD for security guarantees over quantum-repeater-based QoS-driven 3D satellite networks. First, we develop the quantum-repeater-based QKD satellite network architecture. Then, we design the quantum repeater including the purification scheduling algorithm and the optimal QoS-based repeating-router selection scheme in quantum-repeater-based QKD satellite networks. Finally, the obtained simulations evaluation validate and evaluate our proposed algorithms and schemes.
  keywords: {quality of service;quantum cryptography;radio repeaters;satellite communication;telecommunication scheduling;telecommunication security;3D free space;3D satellite communication network;QKD method;constrained security-key generation rate;laser-beam widening;noise-interference vulnerability;photon-state disruption;purification scheduling algorithm;quantum channel attenuation;quantum communication;quantum key distribution;quantum physics principle;quantum-repeater-based QoS;random encryption key;repeating-router selection scheme;security transmission;Photonics;Quality of service;Quantum entanglement;Repeaters;Satellites;Security;QKD network;Quantum communications;quality of service (QoS);quantum entanglement;quantum key distribution (QKD);quantum repeaters;quantum teleportation;satellite communications;satellite networks security},
  URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=7036894&isnumber=7036769
  
  Q. A. Kester, L. Nana and A. C. Pascu, "A novel cryptographic encryption technique of video images using quantum cryptography for satellite communications," 2013 International Conference on Adaptive Science and Technology, Pretoria, 2013, pp. 1-6.
  doi: 10.1109/ICASTech.2013.6707496
  Abstract: In today's world where drones play a major role in military warfare and domestic surveillance activities, there is a need for transmission of secured video images without any intrusion by a third party. Any intrusion by an adversary should easily be detected in real-time and the compromised information should be virtually impossible to decipher. This paper proposed a new method of encryption of video images using quantum key distribution and visual cryptographic technique. The key agreement process was done using quantum key distribution and the generated key was be used by the proposed encryption algorithm.
  keywords: {quantum cryptography;satellite communication;video coding;cryptographic encryption technique;key agreement process;quantum cryptography;quantum key distribution;satellite communication;video image;visual cryptographic technique;Educational institutions;Encryption;Photonics;Physics;Satellite broadcasting;Satellites;Algorithm;Cryptography;Encryption;Quantum key distribution;image;satellite},
  URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=6707496&isnumber=6707481
  
  P. Kumar, "Practical quantum communications for telecom networks," 2006 Digest of the LEOS Summer Topical Meetings, Quebec City, Que., 2006, pp. 32-33.
  doi: 10.1109/LEOSST.2006.1694003
  Abstract: We present latest results on developing telecom-band resources for practical quantum communications in wave-division-multiplexed optical networks. Progress on in-fiber entanglement generation/distribution and quantum-noise-randomized direct data encryption will be described
  keywords: {optical fibre communication;quantum cryptography;quantum entanglement;quantum noise;quantum optics;wavelength division multiplexing;data encryption;infiber entanglement;quantum communications;quantum noise;telecom networks;wave division multiplexing;Cryptography;Optical fiber networks;Optical fiber polarization;Optical fibers;Optical scattering;Protocols;Quantum entanglement;Telecommunications;WDM networks;Wavelength division multiplexing},
  URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=1694003&isnumber=35662
  
  D. Elser et al., "Satellite Quantum Communication via the Alphasat Laser Communication Terminal - Quantum Signals from 36 thousand kilometers above Earth," 2015 IEEE International Conference on Space Optical Systems and Applications (ICSOS), New Orleans, LA, 2015, pp. 1-4.
  doi: 10.1109/ICSOS.2015.7425077
  Abstract: By harnessing quantum effects, we nowadays can use encryption that is in principle proven to withstand any conceivable attack. These fascinating quantum features have been implemented in metropolitan quantum networks around the world. In order to interconnect such networks over long distances, optical satellite communication is the method of choice. Standard telecommunication components allow one to efficiently implement quantum communication by measuring field quadratures (continuous variables). This opens the possibility to adapt our Laser Communication Terminals (LCTs) to quantum key distribution (QKD). First satellite measurement campaigns are currently validating our approach.
  keywords: {optical links;quantum communication;quantum cryptography;Alphasat laser communication terminal;QKD;encryption;field quadratures;optical satellite communication;quantum effects;quantum key distribution;satellite quantum communication;Integrated optics;Optical fiber communication;Optical fibers;Satellites;Space vehicles;free-space optical communication;quantum cryptography;quantum key distribution;satellite quantum communication;satellite-ground laser communication},
  URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=7425077&isnumber=7425053
  
  P. Wang, X. Zhang and G. Chen, "Efficient quantum-error correction for QoS provisioning over QKD-based satellite networks," 2015 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC), New Orleans, LA, 2015, pp. 2262-2267.
  doi: 10.1109/WCNC.2015.7127819
  Abstract: Quantum cryptography is one of the most promising technologies for guaranteeing the absolute security in communications over various advanced networks, including fiber networks and wireless networks. In particular, quantum key distribution is an efficient encryption scheme on implementing secure satellite communications between satellites and ground stations. However, it faces many new challenges such as high attenuation and low polarization-preserving capability or extreme sensitivity to the environment. In order to guarantee the quality of service (QoS) provisioning of quantum communications over 3D satellite networks, we need to focus on the security problem and throughput efficiency through correcting the errors resulted from the objective and adversary influences. To overcome these problems, we model the noisy quantum channel and implement an efficient quantum error correction scheme to ensure the security and increase the quantum throughput efficiency in QKD-based satellite networks. The simulation results obtained show that our proposed efficient QEC scheme for QoS guarantee outperforms the other existing quantum error correction schemes in terms of security and the quantum throughput efficiency.
  keywords: {quantum cryptography;satellite communication;3D satellite networks;QKD-based satellite networks;QoS provisioning;efficient encryption scheme;efficient quantum-error correction scheme;fiber networks;low polarization-preserving capability;quantum cryptography;quantum key distribution;wireless networks;Error correction;Quality of service;Satellite communication;Satellites;Security;Throughput;Quantum communications;quality of service (QoS);quantum cryptography;quantum error correction (QEC);quantum key distribution (QKD);quantum throughput efficiency;satellite communications;satellite networks security},
  URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=7127819&isnumber=7127309
  
  P. L. Knight, "Quantum communication and quantum computing," Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference, 1999. QELS '99. Technical Digest. Summaries of Papers Presented at the, Baltimore, MD, USA, 1999, pp. 32-.
  doi: 10.1109/QELS.1999.807126
  Abstract: Summary form only given. Quantum mechanics offers the information scientist a new rich resource, which is only recently being tapped to allow for secure communication in the form of quantum cryptography, and for tremendous parallelism in quantum information processing and computing. I will describe developments and prospects for each. Quantum cryptography has already advanced beyond the research laboratory to become a realizable technology with proven secret key distribution for encryption. Quantum computing, although at an earlier stage of development has been recognized as a major new development in physics, enables us (if a quantum computer is realizable) to attack problems previously thought to be too complex for normal computation in a reasonable time. Examples of quantum algorithms involving this kind of advantage are Shor's for fast factorization (in itself a threat to secure communication) and Grover's for data base searching. I will discuss the ways quantum mechanics allow such a speed-up, stressing how quantum entanglement is the key resource being exploited, and how quantum gates, networks, and the processors may be implemented in a realistically noisy environment. Simple demonstrators have already been built, and I will discuss prospects for future realization of large-scale processors.
  keywords: {quantum communication;quantum computing;quantum cryptography;Grover algorithm;Shor algorithm;database searching;encryption;factorization;quantum communication;quantum computing;quantum cryptography;quantum entanglement;quantum gate;quantum information processing;quantum network;quantum processor;secret key distribution;security;Concurrent computing;Cryptography;Information processing;Laboratories;Parallel processing;Physics computing;Quantum computing;Quantum entanglement;Quantum mechanics;Working environment noise},
  URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=807126&isnumber=17494
  
  X. Liu, M. Nie and C. Pei, "Satellite quantum communication system based on quantum repeating," Consumer Electronics, Communications and Networks (CECNet), 2011 International Conference on, XianNing, 2011, pp. 2574-2577.
  doi: 10.1109/CECNET.2011.5768725
  Abstract: In order to assure to obtain the higher reliability in long distance transmission of quantum information, it is necessary to use the quantum repeating technology in long distance transmission communication system. In this paper, the quantum repeating theory in free space is discussed and the scheme of quantum repeating based on quantum entanglement is presented. Based on the scheme of quantum repeating, the new quantum satellite communication system is presented and the throughput of the quantum satellite communication system is discussed.
  keywords: {quantum communication;quantum entanglement;satellite communication;long distance transmission communication system;quantum entanglement;quantum information;quantum repeating;satellite quantum communication system;Intserv networks;Quantum entanglement;Repeaters;Satellite communication;Telecommunications;Throughput;quantum entanglement;quantum repeater;quantum repeating;throughput},
  URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=5768725&isnumber=5768151
  
  M. A. Ghonaimy, "Plenary talk I: An overview of Quantum Information Systems," Computer Engineering & Systems (ICCES), 2013 8th International Conference on, Cairo, 2013, pp. xvii-xix.
  doi: 10.1109/ICCES.2013.6707154
  Abstract: In this presentation, an overview of Quantum Information Systems is given. Therefore, the postulates of quantum mechanic are given based on one interpretation that is called the Copenhagen interpretation. The main pillars of quantum mechanics are: Superposition, Interference, and Entanglement. Quantum Information Systems comprise three disciplines: Quantum Computation, Quantum Communication, and Quantum Control. Each one of them has a number of topics with some implementations that have reached the commercial level. Quantum Computation has three models: the circuit model that is using different techniques like superconducting elements and special Silicon-based elements. The Adiabatic quantum model has reached the commercial stage through a startup company using superconducting chips. The categorical quantum model is based on category theory and one of its main applications is the study and verification of network and cryptographic protocols. Quantum communication started with defining the basic unit of information, the qubit. Then the quantum compression theorem was proved. The quantum channel capacity problem was divided into two problems: transmitting classical information over a quantum channel, and transmitting quantum information over a quantum channel. The first problem was partially resolved. However, the second problem is being researched upon. Two applications will be briefly presented: quantum teleportation and superdense coding. Both of them employs quantum entanglement. Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) using cryptographic protocols has received much attention due to its importance in network security. A number of protocols have been proposed and some of them have been implemented, and now a number of commercial products have been announced. Also, some experimental networks have been implemented. QKD using space links have been proposed and experimented with. In few years quantum satellites will be launched. Quantum cryptographic protocols are being propos- d to protect infrastructure networks like the electric power grid. Also, it is being used as a countermeasure against global spying networks like ECHELON that are detrimental for national economies. The Quantum Internet is also being considered using quantum teleportation together with Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics with some experimental work going on. Quantum Control is essential for both Quantum Computation and Quantum Communication. Intensive research is going on in: State estimation (called Quantum State Tomography), and system identification (called Process State Tomography), and Quantum Feedback Control. The basic concepts will be briefly considered in this presentation. University education has witnessed major changes to support the above developments. At the postgraduate level many universities offer many courses related to the above disciplines. Recently, a number of institutions started to offer undergraduate courses and some of them have even started to introduce Quantum Engineering 4 year undergraduate programs. A brief account will be given to such developments.
  keywords: {quantum computing;quantum cryptography;quantum electrodynamics;quantum entanglement;Copenhagen interpretation;ECHELON;QKD;adiabatic quantum model;cavity quantum electrodynamics;interference;process state tomography;quantum Internet;quantum channel capacity problem;quantum communication;quantum compression theorem;quantum computation;quantum control;quantum cryptographic protocol;quantum entanglement;quantum feedback control;quantum information system;quantum key distribution;quantum mechanic;quantum state tomography;quantum teleportation;space links;superdense coding;superposition},
  URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=6707154&isnumber=6707143
  
  N. Hosseinidehaj and R. Malaney, "Quantum key distribution over combined atmospheric fading channels," 2015 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), London, 2015, pp. 7413-7419.
  doi: 10.1109/ICC.2015.7249511
  Abstract: In this work we analyze a quantum communication scheme for entanglement-based continuous variable quantum key distribution between two ground stations. Communication occurs via a satellite over two independent atmospheric fading channels dominated by turbulence-induced beam wander. In this scheme the engineering complexity remains largely on the ground transceivers, with the satellite acting simply as a reflector. We show how the use of a highly selective post-selection strategy may lead to a useful quantum key generation rate for this system. This work represents the first quantitative assessment of continuous variable quantum key rates in the pragmatic scenario of reflection off low-earth-orbit satellites.
  keywords: {artificial satellites;atmospheric turbulence;communication complexity;fading channels;quantum communication;quantum cryptography;quantum entanglement;radio transceivers;satellite ground stations;combined atmospheric fading channel;continuous variable quantum key rate;engineering complexity;entanglement-based continuous variable quantum key distribution;ground station;ground transceiver;quantum communication scheme;quantum key generation rate;reflection off low-earth-orbit satellite;reflector;turbulence induced beam;Fading;Noise;Protocols;Quantum entanglement;Satellites;Security;Uplink},
  URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=7249511&isnumber=7248285
  
  M. A. Ghonaimy, "An overview of Quantum Information Systems," Computer Engineering & Systems (ICCES), 2013 8th International Conference on, Cairo, 2013, pp. xx-xxxii.
  doi: 10.1109/ICCES.2013.6707155
  Abstract: In this presentation, an overview of Quantum Information Systems is given. Therefore, the postulates of quantum mechanics are given based on one interpretation that is called the Copenhagen interpretation. The main pillars of quantum mechanics are: Superposition, Interference, and Entanglement. Quantum Information Systems comprise three disciplines: Quantum Computation, Quantum Communication, and Quantum Control. Each one of them has a number of topics with some implementations that have reached the commercial level. Quantum Computation has three models: the circuit model that is using different techniques like superconducting elements and special Silicon-based elements. The Adiabatic quantum model has reached the commercial stage through a start-up company using superconducting chips. The categorical quantum model is based on category theory and one of its main applications is the study and verification of network and cryptographic protocols. Quantum communication started with defining the basic unit of information, the qubit. Then the quantum compression theorem was proved. The quantum channel capacity problem was divided into two problems: transmitting classical information over a quantum channel, and transmitting quantum information over a quantum channel. The first problem was partially resolved. However, the second problem is being researched upon. Two applications will be briefly presented: quantum teleportation and superdense coding. Both of them employs quantum entanglement. Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) using cryptographic protocols has received much attention due its importance in network security. A number of protocols have been proposed and some of them have been implemented, and now a number of commercial products have been announced. Also, some experimental networks have been implemented. QKD using space links have been proposed and experimented with. In few years quantum satellites will be launched. Quantum cryptographic protocols are being propose- to protect infrastructure networks like the electric power grid. Also, it is being used as a countermeasure against global spying networks like ECHELON that are detrimental for national economies. The Quantum Internet is also being considered using quantum teleportation together with Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics with some experimental work going on. Quantum Control is essential for both Quantum Computation and Quantum Communication. Intensive research is going on in: State estimation (called Quantum State Tomography), system identification (called Quantum Process Tomography), and Quantum Feedback Control. The basic concepts will be briefly considered in this presentation. University education has witnessed major changes to support the above developments. At the postgraduate level many universities offer many courses related to the above disciplines. Recently, a number of institutions started to offer undergraduate courses and some of them have even started to introduce Quantum Engineering 4 years undergraduate programs. A brief account will be given to such developments.
  keywords: {category theory;channel capacity;cryptographic protocols;quantum cryptography;quantum entanglement;Copenhagen interpretation;ECHELON;QKD;adiabatic quantum model;categorical quantum model;category theory;cavity quantum electrodynamics;circuit model;electric power grid;global spying networks;infrastructure network protection;network security;network verification;quantum Internet;quantum channel capacity problem;quantum communication;quantum compression theorem;quantum computation;quantum cryptographic protocols;quantum engineering;quantum entanglement;quantum feedback control;quantum information systems;quantum interference;quantum key distribution;quantum mechanics;quantum process tomography;quantum satellites;quantum state tomography;quantum superposition;quantum teleportation;qubit;silicon-based elements;space links;state estimation;superconducting chips;superconducting elements;superdense coding;transmitting quantum information;undergraduate courses;university education;Computational modeling;Information systems;Integrated circuit modeling;Logic gates;Quantum computing;Quantum entanglement;Adiabatic quantum mode;Quantum Control;Quantum Engineering;Quantum Entanglement applications;Quantum Key Distribution;Quantum Networks and Internet;Quantum computation and Algorithms},
  URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=6707155&isnumber=6707143
  
  K. H. Sheikh, S. S. Hyder and M. M. Khan, "An overview of Quantum Cryptography for Wireless Networking Infrastructure," International Symposium on Collaborative Technologies and Systems (CTS'06), 2006, pp. 379-385.
  doi: 10.1109/CTS.2006.16
  Abstract: Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is used in Quantum Cryptographic Systems to exchange secret key between parties who need to communicate secretly. Such a key can be used with a symmetric encryption schemes to establish a secure communication. Until recently, QKD is possible using optical fiber over few tens of kilometers but not more due to single photons getting absorbed by the fiber. There are no commercial wireless quantum crypto products yet, but QKD will soon be used in wireless medium from satellite to the earth so we could get 10,000 miles. But wireless medium brings its own problems. The energy transmitted via a wireless link spreads out, leading to higher and varying transmission losses, ambient daylight, or even light from the moon at night couple into the receiver, leading to a higher error rate. Interference from other photon sources air with clouds, dust and unsettled conditions creates intervention. In this paper, different techniques for communication in Quantum Cryptography using wireless networking infrastructure are discussed.
  keywords: {EPR;pair;quantum bit (qubit);quantum cryptography;quantum key distribution (QKD);quantum teleportation;Communication system security;Cryptography;Earth;Moon;Optical coupling;Optical fiber communication;Optical fibers;Optical receivers;Propagation losses;Satellites;EPR;pair;quantum bit (qubit);quantum cryptography;quantum key distribution (QKD);quantum teleportation},
  URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=1644160&isnumber=34455
  
   
• P. L. Knight, "Quantum communication and quantum computing," Lasers and Electro-Optics, 1999. CLEO '99. Summaries of Papers Presented at the Conference on, Baltimore, MD, USA, 1999, pp. 56-.
  doi: 10.1109/CLEO.1999.833872
  keywords: {quantum communication;quantum computing;quantum cryptography;database searching;fast factorization;large-scale processors;networks;quantum communication;quantum computing;quantum cryptography;quantum entanglement;quantum gates;quantum information processing;quantum mechanics;realistically noisy environment;Concurrent computing;Cryptography;Databases;Information processing;Laboratories;Parallel processing;Physics computing;Quantum computing;Quantum entanglement;Quantum mechanics},
  URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=833872&isnumber=17705
  
  K. S. Kabir, T. Chakraborty and A. B. M. Alim Al Islam, "Supercrypt: a technique for quantum cryptography through simultaneously improving both security level and data rate," 2016 International Conference on Networking Systems and Security (NSysS), Dhaka, 2016, pp. 1-9.
  doi: 10.1109/NSysS.2016.7400693
  keywords: {quantum computing;quantum cryptography;security of data;SuperCrypt;data security;data transmission secured;discrete-event network simulator;encryption techniques;quantum computing;quantum cryptography;superdense coding;Data communication;Encoding;Encryption;Quantum computing;Quantum cryptography},
  URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=7400693&isnumber=7400674
  
  Yu Xiaoqiang and X. Zhao, "A quantum proxy blind signature protocol," 2010 International Conference on Computer, Mechatronics, Control and Electronic Engineering, Changchun, 2010, pp. 78-80.
  doi: 10.1109/CMCE.2010.5609631
  keywords: {cryptographic protocols;digital signatures;quantum cryptography;quantum entanglement;nonorthogonal quantum state;one-time pad encryption algorithm;quantum entanglement;quantum key distribution;quantum proxy blind signature protocol;Cryptography;Silicon;blind signature;proxy signature;quantum entanglement state;quantum information},
  URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=5609631&isnumber=5609592
  
  W. R. Zhang, "YinYang Bipolar Quantum Entanglement - Toward a Logically Complete Quantum Theory," Quantum, Nano and Micro Technologies, 2010. ICQNM '10. Fourth International Conference on, St. Maarten, 2010, pp. 77-82.
  doi: 10.1109/ICQNM.2010.21
  keywords: {quantum cryptography;quantum entanglement;teleportation;EPR paradox;YinYang bipolar quantum entanglement;YinYang bipolar relativity;bipolar cryptography;bipolar teleportation;bitwise encryption;coherent quantum interaction;logically definable causality;nonlinear bipolar symmetrical logical theory;quantum-digital compatibility;Books;Cryptography;Gravity;Paramagnetic resonance;Physics;Quantum computing;Quantum entanglement;Quantum mechanics;Relativistic quantum mechanics;Teleportation;Bipolar Cryptography;Bipolar Quantum Entanglement;Bipolar Qubit;Bipolar Teleportation;Logically Definable Causality;Unification;YinYang Bipolar Relativity},
  URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=5437784&isnumber=5437750
  
  P. Kumar, "Practical quantum communications for telecom networks," 2006 Digest of the LEOS Summer Topical Meetings, Quebec City, Que., 2006, pp. 32-33.
  doi: 10.1109/LEOSST.2006.1694003
  keywords: {optical fibre communication;quantum cryptography;quantum entanglement;quantum noise;quantum optics;wavelength division multiplexing;data encryption;infiber entanglement;quantum communications;quantum noise;telecom networks;wave division multiplexing;Cryptography;Optical fiber networks;Optical fiber polarization;Optical fibers;Optical scattering;Protocols;Quantum entanglement;Telecommunications;WDM networks;Wavelength division multiplexing},
  URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=1694003&isnumber=35662
  
  Yi-Lin Ju, I-Ming Tsai and Sy-Yen Kuo, "Performing authenticated encryption with nanoscale phenomenon," 5th IEEE Conference on Nanotechnology, 2005., 2005, pp. 537-540 vol. 2.
  doi: 10.1109/NANO.2005.1500820
  keywords: {nanotechnology;quantum computing;quantum cryptography;authenticated encryption;communication protocols;encryption algorithms;nanoscale phenomenon;nanotechnology;protocol security;quantum entanglement;Application software;Authentication;Cryptography;Magnetic materials;Nanoscale devices;Nanotechnology;Physical layer;Protocols;Quantum entanglement;Quantum mechanics},
  URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=1500820&isnumber=32214
  
  Y. Kanamori, Seong-Moo Yoo, D. A. Gregory and F. T. Sheldon, "On quantum authentication protocols," GLOBECOM '05. IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, 2005., 2005, pp. 5 pp.-.
  doi: 10.1109/GLOCOM.2005.1577930
  keywords: {computer networks;message authentication;protocols;quantum cryptography;quantum entanglement;RSA encryption;polynomial-time;quantum authentication protocols;quantum computers;quantum superposition states;sharing quantum entangled particles;unconditional security;Authentication;Computer networks;Cryptographic protocols;Cryptography;Physics computing;Polarization;Polynomials;Quantum computing;Quantum entanglement;Quantum mechanics},
  URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=1577930&isnumber=33287
  
  A. Raina and S. G. Srinivasa, "Quantum communication over bit flip channels using entangled bipartite and tripartite states," Communication, Control, and Computing (Allerton), 2014 52nd Annual Allerton Conference on, Monticello, IL, 2014, pp. 1368-1375.
  doi: 10.1109/ALLERTON.2014.7028615
  keywords: {quantum cryptography;quantum entanglement;Holevo capacity;bit flip channels;entangled bipartite;quantum communication;shared Bell pair;super dense coding;tripartite states;Encoding;Encryption;Entropy;Noise measurement;Protocols;Quantum entanglement},
  URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=7028615&isnumber=7028426
  
  Y. Bromberg, B. Redding, S. M. Popoff, N. Ofek and Hui Cao, "Secure optical communication using random mode mixing and time-reversal symmetry in multimode fibers," 2014 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO) - Laser Science to Photonic Applications, San Jose, CA, 2014, pp. 1-2.
  keywords: {light scattering;optical fibres;quantum entanglement;quantum optics;chaotic mode mixing;counter-propagating light;encryption method;multimode fibers;random mode mixing;secure optical communication;time-reversal symmetry;Media;Optical fiber networks;Optical fibers;Photonics;Quantum computing;Quantum entanglement;Scattering},
  URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=6988700&isnumber=6988061
  
  P. Wang, X. Zhang, G. Chen, K. Pham and E. Blasch, "Quantum key distribution for security guarantees over quantum-repeater-based QoS-driven 3D satellite networks," 2014 IEEE Global Communications Conference, Austin, TX, 2014, pp. 728-733.
  doi: 10.1109/GLOCOM.2014.7036894
  keywords: {quality of service;quantum cryptography;radio repeaters;satellite communication;telecommunication scheduling;telecommunication security;3D free space;3D satellite communication network;QKD method;constrained security-key generation rate;laser-beam widening;noise-interference vulnerability;photon-state disruption;purification scheduling algorithm;quantum channel attenuation;quantum communication;quantum key distribution;quantum physics principle;quantum-repeater-based QoS;random encryption key;repeating-router selection scheme;security transmission;Photonics;Quality of service;Quantum entanglement;Repeaters;Satellites;Security;QKD network;Quantum communications;quality of service (QoS);quantum entanglement;quantum key distribution (QKD);quantum repeaters;quantum teleportation;satellite communications;satellite networks security},
  URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=7036894&isnumber=7036769
  
  A. Parakh and P. Verma, "Improving the efficiency of entanglement based quantum key exchange," 2014 23rd International Conference on Computer Communication and Networks (ICCCN), Shanghai, 2014, pp. 1-6.
  doi: 10.1109/ICCCN.2014.6911853
  keywords: {cryptographic protocols;private key cryptography;quantum cryptography;communicating parties;cryptographic protocols;eavesdropping;entanglement based quantum key exchange;probabilistic model;quantum entanglement;secure secret key exchange;security parameter;Current measurement;Encryption;Measurement uncertainty;Photonics;Protocols;Quantum entanglement},
  URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=6911853&isnumber=6911704
  
  S. Suchat, S. Paiboon and P. P. Yupapin, "An experiment of optical encryption technique with quantum security for mobile phone up-link converter," Industrial Technology, 2002. IEEE ICIT '02. 2002 IEEE International Conference on, 2002, pp. 1245-1248 vol.2.
  doi: 10.1109/ICIT.2002.1189353
  keywords: {Mach-Zehnder interferometers;electro-optical modulation;laser beams;lithium compounds;mobile handsets;niobium compounds;optical communication;quantum cryptography;quantum entanglement;quantum optics;security of data;semiconductor lasers;wavelength division multiplexing;CW laser diode;LiNbO₃;LiNbO₃ crystal;Mach-Zehnder interferometer;cable transmission;data communication;data decryption;data encryption;data networks;dense wavelength division multiplexing;light beam modulation;mobile phone up-link converter;mobile telephone up-link converter;optical encryption;quantum channel;quantum dense coding;quantum entanglement pairs;quantum security;random coding;random decoding;random polarization states;wireless transmission;Cryptography;Data security;Decoding;Mobile handsets;Optical interferometry;Optical polarization;Optical pulse generation;Optical receivers;Pulse modulation;Quantum entanglement},
  URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=1189353&isnumber=26669
  
  A. A. Malluh, K. M. Elleithy, A. Alanazi and R. J. Mstafa, "A highly secure quantum communication scheme for Blind Signature using qubits and qutrits," American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE Zone 1), 2014 Zone 1 Conference of the, Bridgeport, CT, 2014, pp. 1-6.
  doi: 10.1109/ASEEZone1.2014.6820657
  keywords: {digital signatures;private key cryptography;quantum cryptography;blind signature;decryption;decryption algorithms;message encryption;private key;quantum communication security;quantum cryptography;quantum cryptosystem;qubits;qutrits;two-particle entangled quantum-trits;Communication systems;Encryption;Market research;Quantum entanglement;Receivers;Blind signature;Quantum communication;Quantum cryptography;Quantum signature},
  URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=6820657&isnumber=6820618
  
  A. Ghilen, H. Belmabrouk and R. Bouallegue, "Classification of quantum authentication protocols and calculation of their complexity," Sciences and Techniques of Automatic Control and Computer Engineering (STA), 2014 15th International Conference on, Hammamet, 2014, pp. 169-173.
  doi: 10.1109/STA.2014.7086669
  keywords: {communication complexity;cryptographic protocols;message authentication;private key cryptography;quantum cryptography;QKD protocols;men-in-middle attack;message decryption;message encryption;quantum authentication protocol classification;quantum communication complexity;quantum key distribution protocols;secret keys;Authentication;Complexity theory;Cryptography;Protocols;Quantum entanglement;Servers;Bell States;Entanglement;QKD;Quantum authentication},
  URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=7086669&isnumber=7086660
  
  H. Bruyninckx and D. Van Heule, "Arbitrated Secure Authentication realized by using quantum principles," 2015 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), London, 2015, pp. 7420-7425.
  doi: 10.1109/ICC.2015.7249512
  keywords: {message authentication;private key cryptography;arbitrated secure authentication;nonrepudiation property;quantum principles;secret keys;semihonest arbiter;unconditionally secure authentication scheme;Authentication;Digital signatures;Encryption;Quantum entanglement;Receivers;Arbitrated Quantum Schemes;Authentication;Cryptography},
  URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=7249512&isnumber=7248285
  
  J. Dong, J. Teng and S. Wang, "Multiparty Controlled Quantum Secure Direct Communication of d-Dimensional Using GHZ state," Intelligent Information Technology Application, 2008. IITA '08. Second International Symposium on, Shanghai, 2008, pp. 551-555.
  doi: 10.1109/IITA.2008.321
  keywords: {Bell theorem;protocols;quantum cryptography;quantum entanglement;security of data;telecommunication security;teleportation;d-dimensional Bell state measurement;eavesdropping;entangled Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger state;multiparty control;quantum channel security;quantum secure direct communication;secret message encryption;teleportation;transmitting particle sequence;Communication system control;Cryptographic protocols;Cryptography;Information security;Optical receivers;Particle measurements;Quantum computing;Quantum entanglement;Teleportation;Transmission line measurements},
  URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=4740058&isnumber=4739938
  
  Han-Wei Wang, Tien-Sheng Lin, I-Ming Tsai and Sy-Yen Kuo, "Protocol and applications for sharing quantum private keys," Proceedings 39th Annual 2005 International Carnahan Conference on Security Technology, Las Palmas, 2005, pp. 204-207.
  doi: 10.1109/CCST.2005.1594855
  keywords: {private key cryptography;quantum cryptography;quantum entanglement;message decryption;message encryption;message transmission;protocol;quantum cryptography;quantum entanglement;quantum private keys sharing;Cryptographic protocols;Cryptography;Energy states;International trade;Particle measurements;Physics computing;Polynomials;Quantum entanglement;Quantum mechanics;Security},
  URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=1594855&isnumber=33562
  
  M. Ruggieri, "Data encryption seminar," in IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 2-2, Feb 2001.
  doi: 10.1109/MAES.2001.904237
  keywords: {Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society;Aerospace industry;Cryptography;Protection;Quantum entanglement;Sections;Seminars;Signal Processing Society;Space technology;Student Chapters},
  URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=904237&isnumber=19567
  
  

Army USSO sole source to GXM Consulting for Smartphone Apps for the Warfighter Info Distribution

UNMANNED SYSTEM SUPPORT OPERATIONS IN HAZARDOUS AND CONTAMINATED ENVIRONMENTS (USSO) - Federal Business Opportunities: Opportunities

Solicitation Number: W911NF-16-R-0026

Notice Type: Combined Synopsis/Solicitation

Synopsis: Added: Jun 13, 2016 7:09 pm

SPECIAL NOTICE - INTENT TO AWARD ON A SOLE SOURCE BASIS
The Army Contracting Command (ACC), Aberdeen Proving Ground (APG), Research Triangle Park (RTP), Contracting Division (CD) intends to enter into a contract with GXM Consulting LLC in pursuant to FAR Part 6.302-1, Only One Responsible Source.

The Government has a requirement to provide rapid commercial development of mobile software applications for use by military end users on smart phones and tablets on both unclassified and classified networks. This effort will take information from high end, high cost, legacy, systems and distribute it to the individual through low cost commercial off the shelf communication devices with government developed and commercially developed software applications. It will allow the Warfighter at the lowest levels to have unprecedented battlefield situational awareness and understanding.
Interested parties must submit a capability statement for the purpose of determining whether to initiate a competitive procurement. This notice of intent is not a Request for Proposals, nor does it represent a commitment by government to pay for any costs incurred by the preparation and submission of data or any other costs incurred in response to this notification. No solicitation document is available. The associated North American Industry Classification System code for this procurement is 541712 (Research and Development in Physical Engineering and Life Sciences). All responsible sources may respond by submitting a written narrative statement of capability within 15 days of date of notice by COB (4:30PM) 24 June 2016, to Tristan Harley, Contracting Officer, at the email address listed below for consideration by the agency. Responses shall also include itemized pricing that is sufficient to make a determination that competition is feasible. Failure to provide the required information to enable the Government to make a determination may render the response unacceptable. The Government is not using the policies contained in Part 12, Acquisition of Commercial Items; however, interested persons may identify to the contracting officer their interest and capability to satisfy the Government's requirement with a commercial item within 45 days of this notice.

Army NVESD looks to non-traditional sources for new Prototype Sensors

Other Transaction Agreement (OTA) under 10 U.S.C. 845 for Advanced - Federal Business Opportunities: Opportunities

Synopsis:

Added: May 19, 2016 3:34 pm

Other Transaction Agreement (OTA) under 10 U.S.C. 845 for Advanced Development Efforts to Support the US Army's CERDEC NVESD Electronics and Sensor Technologies (NEST) Requirements

1.0 NOTICE

The Army Contracting Command - Aberdeen Proving Ground Belvoir Division (ACC-APG-Belvoir), on behalf of the US Army Research, Development and Engineering Command (RDECOM), Communications-Electronics Research, Development Engineering Center (CERDEC), Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate (NVESD) is releasing this special notice to inform interested parties about the Government's interest to establish an Other Transaction Agreement (OTA) under 10 U.S.C. 2371 with an eligible entity or group of entities, to include industry, academic, non-profit, and not-for-profit partners, for advanced development efforts to support the CERDEC NVESD's technology support requirements as related to enhancing the mission effectiveness of military personnel. CERDEC NVESD is responsible for conducting research, development, and acquisition of night vision and electronic sensor and sensor suite technologies that enables United States forces to see, control, and assess the battlefield around the clock and in all battlefield conditions.


CERDEC NVESD desires the ability to explore and collaborate with existing and emerging sensor developers to demonstrate and deliver prototypes to meet pressing Warfighter needs. NVESD desires a vehicle administered by the consortium lead but NVESD shall retain approval authority for funded efforts. This agreement will enable NVESD's ability to perform its mission of research, development and experimentation of Night Vision, Electro-Optical, Electronic Sensors and Countermine and
Counter-Improvised Explosive Device systems.


Technology areas include:

• a. Countersurveillance/Deception
• b. Persistent Surveillance System
• c. Forward/Side Ground Penetrating Radar
• d. Airborne and Ground-based Improvised Explosive Device (IED)/Mine Detection, location and Neutralization
• e. Thermal Imaging
• f. Cooled and Uncooled Focal Plane Arrays
• g. Image and Signal Processing, Image Compression, Image Fusion Boards
• h. Optics (small Adaptive) and Image Intensification
• i. Lasers, Fiber Lasers, Rangefinders, Designators
• j. Radio Frequency/Acoustics
• k. Explosive, Mechanical and Electronic Neutralization of Mines (including LASERs)
• l. Mine Detection
• m. Humanitarian Demining
• n. Unexploded Ordnance
• o. Physical Security Equipment
• p. Aided/Automatic Target Recognition
• q. Sensor Fusion
• r. Display, Helmet Mounted Displays
• s. Unmanned Air/Ground Sensors
• t. Modeling and Simulation
• u. Perception Testing
• v. Computer-Based Trainers
• w. Advanced Gimbals
• x. Imaging and Non-Imaging Systems for Through Foliage Capabilities
• y. Passive Millimeter Wave Cameras
• z. Objective Pilotage for Utility and Lift
• aa. Brownout/Whiteout, Obstacles Detection and Avoidance System
• bb. Ultra-Compact High Definition TV and Ultra-Compact Infrared Imagers
• cc. Unmanned and Manned Platforms System Integration
• dd. Infrared Systems and Technology (Corrugated Quantum Well IR Photo Detectors and Arrays, Strained Layer Super lattice)
• ee. Hyperspectral Infrared (IR)
• ff. Multispectral IR
• gg. Short Wave IR
• hh. Light Detection and Ranging
• ii. Acoustic Mine Detection
• jj. Near IR and Shortwave IR systems and components (tube and solid state)
• kk. Ground Moving Target Indicator (GMTI) Radar
• ll. Augmented Reality
• mm. Sensor Interoperability
• nn. Digital Read-Out Integrated Circuits

The Secretary of the Army (SA) is authorized to carry out prototype projects that are directly relevant to enhancing the mission effectiveness of military personnel and the supporting platforms, systems, components, or materials proposed to be acquired or developed by the DoD, or to improvement of platforms, systems, components, or materials in use by the Armed Forces. See 845(a)(2) of the National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) for Fiscal Year 1994, Public Law (P.L.) 103-160, as amended (Title 10 United States Code (U.S.C.) 2371 note). The Government is required to ensure that no official of an agency enters into an OTA for a prototype project under this authority unless
there is significant non-traditional defense contractor(s) participation in the prototype project; or at least one third of the total cost of the prototype project is to be paid out of funds provided by parties to the transaction other than the Federal Government. More information regarding DoD use of OTA can be found at the following website: www.acq.osd.mil/dpap/Docs/otguide.doc.

Related/Background:

Definition:

  
“Other Transactions or OTs” is the term commonly used to refer to transactions other than contracts, grants or cooperative agreements that are authorized by 10 U.S.C. 2371. The Department of Defense (DoD) currently has temporary authority via Section 845 to 10 U.S.C. 2371, as amended, to award OT for prototype actions that “are directly relevant to enhancing the mission effectiveness of military personnel and the supporting platforms, systems, components, or materials proposed to be acquired or developed by the Department of Defense, or to improvement of platforms, systems, components or materials in use by the Armed Forces.” Such agreements are generally not subject to procurement laws and regulations. The section 845 authority allows the Department to negotiate more flexible business arrangements to attract nontraditional defense contractors.

In accordance with statute, this authority may be used only when:

• (A) there is at least one nontraditional defense contractor participating to a significant extent in the prototype project; or
• (B) no nontraditional defense contractor is participating to a significant extent in the prototype project, but at least one of the following circumstances exists:
• ( i) at least one third of the total cost of the prototype project is to be paid out of funds provided by the parties to the transaction other than the federal government.
• (ii) the senior procurement executive for the agency determines in writing that exceptional circumstances justify the use of a transaction that provides for innovative business arrangements or structures that would not be feasible or appropriate under a procurement contract.

x

NASA seeks Airborne Surveillance Systems for BVLOS UAS Detect and Avoid

NASA Preparing for Fourth Series of Flight Tests of Unmanned Aircraft | NASA

Alternative Airborne Surveillance Systems for Beyond Visual Line of Sight Unmanned Aircraft Systems Detect and Avoid - Federal Business Opportunities: Opportunities

 Title:              Alternative Airborne Surveillance Systems for Beyond Visual Line of Sight Unmanned Aircraft Systems Detect and Avoid
 Sol. #:             NND16828627L
 Agency:             National Aeronautics and Space Administration
 Office:             Armstrong Flight Research Center
 Location:           Office of Procurement
 Posted On:          Jun 10, 2016 5:24 pm
 Base Type:          Sources Sought
 Link:               https://www.fbo.gov/spg/NASA/DFRC/OPDC20220/NND16828627L/listing.html

 -------------------------------------------------------

Synopsis:

Added: Jun 10, 2016 5:24 pm

Alternative Airborne Surveillance Systems for Beyond Visual Line of Sight Unmanned Aircraft Systems Detect and Avoid

Request for Information

This Request for Information (RFI) is issued by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration - Armstrong Flight Research Center to solicit responses from interested parties. This document is for
information and planning purposes and to allow industry the opportunity to verify reasonableness and feasibility of the requirement, as well as promote competition. Prospective offerors are invited to submit written comments or questions to: UAS-NAS Project Team, Email afrc-uas-nas@mail.nasa.gov.
When responding reference "Alternative Airborne Surveillance Systems for Beyond Visual Line of Sight UAS Detect and Avoid".


This presolicitation/request for information synopsis is not to be construed as a commitment by the Government, nor will the Government pay for the information submitted in response. Respondents will not be notified of the results.


NASA is seeking information for potential sources and partners for
the development and testing of alternative airborne surveillance systems
for UAS detect and avoid (DAA) operating beyond visual line of sight
(BVLOS) under Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) in airspace Classes D, E,
and G.

Background: 

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) Integration in the National Airspace System (NAS) (UAS-NAS) Project within the Integrated Aviation Systems Program of the Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate is soliciting information through this Request for Information (RFI) in support of the next phase of the project from FY17 - FY20. The Project goal is to provide research findings supporting the development and validation of detect and avoid (DAA) and command and control (C2) technologies necessary for integrating UAS into the NAS with airborne system tests.


The next phase of the UAS-NAS Project will continue to focus on DAA and C2 technologies that are ready to be transitioned to implementation on unmanned vehicles, specifically to develop RTCA Special Committee (SC) - 228 Minimum Operational Performance Standards (MOPS). To that end, integrated flight tests in FY18 and FY19 and simulations throughout the project are planned to support the development of the standards. This RFI will focus on airborne DAA sensors. A separate RFI will focus on Ground Based Sense and Avoid technologies.
The project will utilize the RFI responses to gauge the industry state-of-the-art for DAA technologies, assessment of technology readiness levels, and determination of a future partnership strategy to accomplish research leading to DAA standards.

RTCA SC-228 is currently finalizing Phase 1 MOPS for DAA systems for large unmanned aircraft (UA) that could "fly in airspace normally frequented by commercial transport aircraft... and...are capable of carrying relatively large and high-power sensor systems such as primary radar." Phase 2 MOPS is scheduled to commence development in 2016 and will encompass a broad range of civil UAS capable of operations Beyond Visual Line of Sight (BVLOS). These operations, at a minimum will take place in Class D, E and G, but could take place in all classes of airspace for the entire duration of a flight (i.e., extended operations). The Phase 2 MOPS will also consider DAA requirements for both towered and non-towered airfields, and off-airfield recovery sites within Class G airspace.





The focus of this RFI is to understand the state-of-the-art of
potential airborne substitutes of the Phase 1 surveillance sensors that
require less size, weight, and power (SWaP). Applicable sensors would be
relevant to UAs operating under IFR at or above 500 feet and BVLOS that
are unable to carry a large surveillance sensor but still need to
surveil their surroundings and detect other aircraft. Examples of these
technologies include, but are not limited to, electro-optical/infrared
(EO/IR), light detection and ranging (LIDAR), relatively reduced SWaP
radar, or relatively reduced SWaP Automatic Dependent
Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B).



These surveillance systems will be tested in order to develop,
verify, and validate DAA/surveillance Phase 2 MOPS draft performance
requirements by collecting performance data in relevant laboratory
simulations and flight environments. The results of this testing may
necessitate the modification of the surveillance system and/or proposing
modifications to the draft DAA/surveillance performance requirements.



In addition, NASA is seeking information about unmanned or
optionally-piloted aircraft owned by the responder or responding
partners where these technologies are currently being, or could
potentially be, installed for flight testing activities. Information of
interest pertaining to unmanned or optionally-piloted aircraft includes
aircraft size, aircraft equipage, ground-control station information,
and speed/altitude/turn aircraft performance envelope. Additional
specific information is provided below.
The intended partnership
between NASA and one or more industry partners will jointly: develop the
concepts for integration of the surveillance system into a DAA system,
perform simulation experiments with computer models of the surveillance
system, and execute flight testing of surveillance system in a relevant
environment. The development and testing of an alternative airborne
surveillance system is targeted for all classes of UAS able to operate
under IFR, at or above 500 ft., and BVLOS.



Qualified providers are considered to be U.S. commercial entities
that are established and recognized manufacturers of avionics equipment
and/or associated communication/navigation/surveillance hardware, who
have previous history in the successful development of air traffic
surveillance systems.



Interested companies are invited to submit specific information on any or all of the following topics:

1. Candidate surveillance systems that meet the intent of this RFI, their
   technologies, performance, and limitations. Discussions should include
   topics such as: update rates, surveillance field of regard and range
   (minimum and maximum), maximum number of detected/tracked intruders,
   minimize intruder size, Interface Control Document (ICD) inputs and
   outputs, track integration and filtering, environmental/airspace
   limitations, latencies, installation requirements, detection accuracy,
   available computer models, test conditions, and pertinent test results.
2. Any unmanned/optionally-piloted aircraft that is equipped or could be
   equipped with candidate system, if applicable. Discussions should
   include aircraft size, aircraft equipage (ADS-B, Traffic Alert and
   Collision Avoidance (TCAS)-I, TCAS-II, differential Global Positioning
   System (dGPS), etc.), endurance, ground-control station information,
   speed/altitude/turn aircraft performance envelope, command and control,
   navigation, i.e. waypoint and/or autopilot holds, and on-board data
   logging.
3. Include both ground and flight test data of the respective surveillance system (if available).
4. Possible airborne surveillance system architectures for UAS DAA systems.
5. Discuss relevant company experience in developing and civil certification of this system, or similar systems.
6. The company's potential to provide their sensor, ICD, integration
   support, etc. to NASA as an in-kind partnership in exchange for Flight
   Test. Companies should be willing to allow NASA to use the data in
   support of MOPS.

Information shall be kept to a maximum of 25 slides
or 5-page document per sensor. The same limit applies to aircraft
information, if applicable. Submissions exceeding these limits will not
be considered. Keeping responses as consolidated as possible is
encouraged.

Iridium and GPS revisited: A new PNT solution on the horizon? : GPS World

Iridium launches Satellite Time and Location system as GPS complement

Iridium and GPS revisited: A new PNT solution on the horizon? : GPS World
Just last week, Iridium announced that it is proposing, or has developed, in conjunction with other companies, an augmentation or compliment to GPS. Reuters quoted the CEO of Iridium Communications, Matthew Desch as saying the new technology used chips that were the size of a postage stamp, and could ultimately be integrated into other devices, heavy machinery, automobiles and the power grid.
The system, known as STL or Iridium Satellite Time and Location System, transmits signals via Iridium’s satellite constellation, delivering codes to ground positions that are independently authenticated, Reuters reported.
Both Iridium and the private firm Satelles said STL as a system has been demonstrated in military, academic and commercial applications. The Reuters article didn’t provide specific details on the exact nature of the devices or any launch customers. (Satelles and Boeing entered into a patent and technology license agreement for STL in 2013).

Iridium NEXT, Iridium’s next-generation global satellite constellation, will support the STL solution. Iridium NEXT is scheduled for completion by late 2017. Along with supporting the current Iridium constellation, Boeing is under contract from prime contractor Thales Alenia Space to provide system integration and testing support for Iridium NEXT.

Related/Background:

• Microsoft Word - Satelles White Paper - Final.doc - Satelles-White-Paper-Final.pdf
• Iridium launches alternative GPS service | Air Traffic Management magazine 
• Test Results from a LEO-Satellite-Based Assured Time and Location Solution | Technical Program - ION ITM-PTTI 2016 
• Trusted Time and Location, Everywhere - gutt.pdf

SNMMI Patient Education Day in San Diego

This Sunday June 12th, 2016, there is a free Patient Education Day at the Annual Meeting of the Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (SNMMI). It will be held at the San Diego Convention Center.

Michael Kipper, MD -
Genesis - San Diego

The Prostate Cancer Session from 1:30 - 3:00 will be about "molecular imaging and nuclear medicine treatments". Michael Kipper, MD, Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT expert with Genesis Healthcare will be the speaker along with one of our group's members, Ron Abbott, who will be providing a Patient's Perspective. The SNMMI 2016 Annual Meeting—the premier educational, scientific,
research, and networking event in nuclear medicine and molecular imaging—provides physicians, technologists, pharmacists, laboratory professionals, and scientists with an in-depth view of the latest
technologies and research in the field.

The SNMMI Annual Meeting helps you increase your professional effectiveness as you learn to:

• Examine and evaluate future directions in nuclear medicine and molecular imaging and therapy from a research and clinical perspective.
• Describe the latest indications and applications of hybrid imaging and its impact on patient management.
• Review standard, new and relevant advances in molecular imaging including applications in oncology, cardiology and neurology.
• Discuss new therapeutic and diagnostic agents that are impacting the practice of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging.
• Review radiation dose and image quality in medical imaging.
• Identify clinical content that is applicable to practice improvement.

SNMMI.pdf

GA-ASI tests anti-collision system on CBP UAV

GA-ASI and CBP Successfully Test Airborne Detect and Avoid System Aboard Guardian UAS


General Atomics and Customs Agency Test Anti-Collision Radar Aboard Unmanned Aircraft

General Atomics‘ aeronautical systems unit and the Customs and Border Protection agency have tested a detect-and-avoid system that includes the company’s Due Regard Radar anti-collision system onboard CBP’s Guardian unmanned aircraft system.

The company said Wednesday the DAA system also features a Honeywell traffic alert and collision avoidance tool and sensor tracker as it works to provide air traffic imagery for remotely piloted aircraft GA says is similar to a manned aircraft’s cockpit view.

David Alexander, General Atomics Aeronautical Systems president of aircraft systems, said the test with CBP marks the first integration and evaluation of DRR on an operational UAS.

Alexander added CBP’s use of DAA system in domestic and international airspace will build on the Federal Aviation Administration and NASA‘s efforts to introduce RPA into the National Airspace System for civilian aircraft.

The test involved scenarios that flew aircraft such as Cessna C-210 and UH-60 Black Hawk close to Guardian as DAA worked to provide alerts and guidance to the pilot’s traffic display and support separation between the UAS and the “intruder” aircraft, GA noted.

CBP operates nine GA-ASI-built Predator B and Guardian aircraft.

Related/Background:

• General Atomics, CBP Test Anti-Collision Radar Aboard Unmanned Aircraft | ExecutiveBiz
• Daily Business Report-June 3, 2016, San Diego Metro Magazine
• Airborne Detect and Avoid System Tests on Guardian - UAS VISION 
• spendergast: NASA FAA GA-ASI and Honeywell commence Third UAS sense-and-avoid tests 
• x

ESA AIM to use radar to look inside and outside asteroid

Space in Images - 2015 - 09 - AIM Infographic - general

AIM: Asteroid touchdown - YouTube



As part of ESA’s proposed Asteroid Impact Mission would come the Agency’s next landing on a small body since Rosetta’s Philae lander reached 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko in 2014.

In 2022 the Mascot-2 microlander would be deployed from the main AIM spacecraft to touch down on the approximately 170-m diameter ‘Didymoon’, in orbit around the larger 700-m diameter Didymos asteroid.

The 15 kg Mobile Asteroid Surface Scout-2 (Mascot-2) is building on the heritage of DLR’s Mascot-1 already flying on Japan’s Hayabusa-2. Launched in 2014, the latter will land on asteroid Ryugu in 2018.

Mascot-2 would be deployed from AIM at about 5 cm/s, and remain in contact with its mothership as it falls through a new inter-satellite communications system. Didymoon’s gravity levels will only be a few thousandths of Earth’s, so the landing would be relatively gentle, although multiple bounces may take place before it comes to rest.

Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) would help AIM to pinpoint its microlander’s resting place from orbit. In case of a landing in a non-illuminated area, a spring-like ‘mobility mechanism’ would let the microlander jump to another location. Onboard GNC ‘guidance navigation and control’ sensors would gather details of the landing both for scientific reasons and to determine the microlander’s orientation for deployment of the solar array to keep it supplied with sufficient power for several weeks of surface operations.

As well as a solar array, AIM would also deploy its low frequency radar LFR instrument, while cameras perform visible and thermal surface imaging. LFR would send radar signals right through the body, to be detected by AIM on Didymoon’s far side, to provide detailed subsurface soundings of an asteroid’s internal structure for the first time ever.

Radar Instruments:

High Frequency Radar (HFR)

The main objective of AIM’s monostatic High-Frequency Radar (HFR) is to obtain information on the structure of the asteroid´s outermost surface and sub-surface layers, up to a depth of 10 m with a resolution of maximum 1 m (goal would be 0.2 m). Scanning Didymoon with an HFR instrument would enable the scientists to study the layering of the sub-surface and the 2D distribution of “rocks” on the surface. 


Moreover, the HFR might be used to estimate the dielectric permittivity of the sub-surface material to gain insight into the surface composition and the content of volatile compounds. It may also provide valuable data on dust particles around Didymoon (before and after impact) and may be used to support the visual data on Didymoon’s mass and shape.

Low Frequency Radar (LFR)

Low-frequency radar scanning between lander and AIM spacecraft

The AIM bistatic Low-Frequency Radar (LFR) main goal is to obtain data on the asteroid internal structure, with a typical resolution of 30 meters. Both the main AIM spacecraft and the lander will carry an emitter and receiver of the LFR so that signals can be sent through Didymoon during full asteroid rotations. During these measurements the geometry will change from the lander facing the main spacecraft to the lander and the main spacecraft being on opposite sides of the asteroid.

These full asteroid rotation measurements will enable a full characterisation of the homogeneity of Didymoon and extensive study of the mineralogy and porosity of the internal structure. Variations in density and a complete mapping of Didymoon’s 3D structure (and deep layering) will also become apparent.

Read more about AIM:

• http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Engineering_Technology/Asteroid_Impact_Mission/Asteroid_Impact_Mission2
• MASCOT-2 facts and figures / Asteroid Impact Mission / Space Engineering & Technology / Our Activities / ESA 

Clausewitz reinterpreted for USA with Russia, China, and Iran Eroding American Influence with Measures Short of War | RAND

The Global Conflicts to Watch in 2014 - The Atlantic

Stretching and Exploiting Thresholds for High-Order War: How Russia, China, and Iran Are Eroding American Influence Using Time-Tested Measures Short of War | RAND

U.S. thresholds for high-order conventional and nuclear war are diffuse and dynamic, differ across regions, and are hard to enforce. Since 9/11, three of the primary nation-state competitors to the United States — Russia, China, and Iran — have successfully exploited or stretched U.S. thresholds for high-order war in order to further their strategic ends and, in the process, undermine U.S. interests. Each of these countries has made expert use of some combination of measures short of war, including economic leverage, terrorism, limited military incursions, aggressive diplomacy, and covert action, to enact its strategies. Some argue that these actions constitute a new international order, or perhaps a new way of war. They do not: Use of measures short of war is time-tested nation-state behavior. U.S. policymakers and military service leaders would benefit from additional consideration of these measures, how they are used against the United States, and how they might be defended against and exploited to further U.S. strategic interests.

Key Findings

Use of Measures Short of War Is Not a New Phenomenon

• Nothing can be done to eliminate the threat that measures short of war pose.
• Instead, addressing their use requires development and maintenance of an effective U.S. grand strategy that seamlessly incorporates measures short of war into a long-term, globally integrated plan.

Recommendations

• If the United States is to preclude further erosion of its global influence by nation-state competitors, it will have to address the problems of threshold exploitation and stretching. Policymakers and the military services should consider ways to better identify, forestall, and counteract the use of measures short of war against U.S. and allied interests.
• It must recognize that neither linear threshold paradigms nor revolutionary terms can fully explain such events as Russia's involvement in Crimea or Iran's relationship with Iraq.

Related/Background:

• China’s military operations other than war: the military legacy of Hu Jintao - SIPRI-Hu Kamphausen.pdf
   This paper looks at China’s  military  operations  other  than  war ( MOOTW;  in Chinese, 非战 争军事动 ). It  addresses the ways in which MOOTW supports  China’s foreign policy  goals; analyses the progress made by China’s military, the Peoples Liberation Army (PLA) , in a number of MOOTW missions; and assesses the linkage between Hu Jintao’s December  2004 speech in which he called for the PLA to carry out its  ‘new  historic missions’ . The  paper finds that MOOTW is an important element of Chinese foreign policy in the H u Jintao  era, and PLA efforts to become a more ‘internationalized force’, including conducting  MOOTW missions abroad (peacekeeping, anti - piracy and others), can be directly linked to  Hu Jintao’s articulation of  ‘new  historic  missions’ . The paper further finds that in many  ways, the PLA has taken the easy steps with regard to MOOTW. More challenging are the  decisions PLA leaders must make about  the  next steps — whether the PLA will participate in  UN peace enforcement missions or in other international missions like the anti - piracy patrols  in the Gulf of Aden, and whether the PLA can become a reliable regional disaster relief force  provider, among others. 
• James R. Ayers, Major, USAF; "MILITARY OPERATIONS OTHER THAN WAR IN THE NEW WORLD ORDER: AN ANALYSIS OF JOINT DOCTRINE FOR THE COMING ERA," Graduate Research Paper AFIT/GMO/LAL/96J-1
  The United States has experienced numerous eras of distinct international systems which governed its relationship with other nations. The end of the Cold War symbolized a transition point between such systems. Historically, the nature of a new order as well as the transitional point between orders is fraught with uncertainty. Nonetheless, instruments of national power such as the military must respond to the changing system to remain effective. The post-Cold War era has been characterized by an increased use of the military for operations short of war to include humanitarian operations, peacekeeping, sanction enforcement, etc. Although these missions are not new to the Armed Forces, military doctrine has only begun to address the unique challenges involved in executing operations short of war. Joint Publication 3-07, Joint Doctrine for Military Operations Other Than War (MOOTW), lists six fundamental principles for MOOTW. This research applies the concepts embodied in the principles of MOOTW with three MOOTW models; the Range of Military Operations Model developed by the U.S. Army, the Crises and Lesser Conflicts Model developed by Rand researchers Carl H. Builder and Theodore W. Karasik, and the MOOTW Characteristics Model developed by RAND researchers Jennifer M. Taw and John E. Peters. 
• JP 3-07 Joint Doctrine For Military Operations Other Than War - jp3_07.pdf 
• Short of General War: Perspectives on the Use of Military Power in the 21st Century - pub983.pdf 
• Clausewitz in Wonderland | Hoover Institution 
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