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IMPASS Immediate Multi-Sensor perimeter and area surveillance system was a concept for using existing ground surveillance radar and supplemental sensor data to secure the airport surface movement area. I developed and demonstrated the ACME processor to remove weather clutter and multi-path targets from the ASDE-3 radar for the FAA in the late 90's and extended it to the IMPASS system concept while working at CACI.
Building this system to achieve high probability of detection and the extremely low false alarm for an effective security systems requires sophisticated algorithms. This product didn't fit in the company business plan, so development and deployment were left to others. External Security at each airport was managed differently until the TSA took charge.
ASDE-3 Radar
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| ATL Airport
Surface Detection Equipment (ASDE) |
The photo to the left shows ASDE-3 radar atop the control tower at Atlanta Hartsfield Jackson International Airport where ACME was demonstrated.
The ASDE radar does not use MTI, but is very effective for detecting stationary objects on the surface movement area with its narrow pulse and beamwidth. It can track targets on the airport surface in inclement weather, or any overcast or fog like conditions where pilots and controllers cannot see through conditions. Limitations of ASDE include multipath and target identification but that is improving as software for ASDE evolves.
Government Hearings on Airport Perimeter Security
July 13, 2011Government Accountability Office and the Transportation Security Administration officials, the former security director of Tel-Aviv International Airport, and a canine unit inspector of the Amtrak Police Department, and others testified at a hearing on the issues associated with the government’s efforts to ensure that airport perimeters are properly secured from internal and external threats.
Raytheon Efforts - IASS and PIDS
A system called ISSA was eventually developed and deployed by Raytheon at JFK in 2007.Raytheon’s Integrated Security System for Airports (ISSA) | Homeland Security News Wire
Raytheon Launches New Security System to Protect Airport Perimeters, Sensitive Areas
WASHINGTON, April 24, 2006 /PRNewswire/ -- Raytheon Company has created an Integrated Airport Security System (ISSA) that makes it easier for airports to ensure the safety of passengers from their arrival at the airport to departure in the aircraft.
PIDS Intrusion detection, tracking and assessment
The PIDS mission is to detect, assess and track intruders attempting to gain access into exterior secure areas, and to aid PANYNJ in determining and dispatching the appropriate response forces to counter intrusions. Threats include landside intrusions at all four airports and waterside intrusions at JFK and LGA.
The PIDS system had a major fail at JFK in August 2012.
The PIDS system had a major fail at JFK in August 2012.
The Port Authority suffered a serious embarrassment
when a $100 million perimeter fence around JFK airport was breached by
a soaking wet swimmer who had just suffered a jet ski breakdown in
Jamaica bay.
TSC SPAN
Anne Barry and David Mazel at TSC also developed the radar concept at the same time.U.S. Department of Homeland Security’s (DHS) Science & Technology Directorate (S&T) | Transportation Security Agency (TSA) | laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV) | Components content from Electronic Design
Many airports have ground surveillance radars that can scan an entire airport and operate in any weather. But they’re susceptible to nuisance alarms, such as deer. The next step, according to Ann S. Berry and David S. Mazel of Technology Service Corp. (TSC), is SPAN, or the Secure Perimeter Awareness Network. SPAN skips the usual build-it-from-scratch approach and calls for building some systems, testing and deploying them, and then adding systems, allowing security to evolve over a short time but in a way that uses the latest technology. TSC calls this distributed development.
Five systems have been installed at four airports (Seattle-Tacoma, JFK and LaGuardia in New York, and San Francisco). The system uses radar system sensors as the primary radar system for air traffic ground control of airplanes and vehicles. The radar operates in the Ku band (15.7 to 17.7 GHz).
IEEE Xplore Abstract - Ground surveillance radar for perimeter intrusion detection
Airport security is a key issue that is being addressed worldwide by civil aviation agencies to counter the threat of terrorism. Pursuing numerous initiatives appropriate combination of techniques that will yield a realistic and cost-effective solution to this problem. This paper addresses one such solution, using the Airport Surface Detection Equipment (ASDE-3) radar for perimeter intrusion detection. The ASDE-3 system is now deployed at 34 major US airports as part of the FAA's Runway Incursion Reduction Program. The systems provide rapid, high-resolution imagery of aircraft and vehicular traffic to tower controllers. The ASDE-3 system also has the potential to provide a similar level of surveillance for human targets and this intelligence can be made available to security personnel without interfering with Air Traffic Control (ATC) operations. The conditions under which the ASDE-3 can detect human targets and the regions of a major airport where this detection is possible are fully investigated in this program. The paper presents the results of an analysis performed under FAA William J. Hughes Technical Center Research Grant 99-G-042
IEEE Xplore Abstract - The Secure Perimeter Awareness Network (SPAN) at John F. Kennedy International Airport
The secure perimeter awareness network (SPAN) at JFK is an
integrated system of networked sensors for intrusion detection,
assessment, reporting, and video recording. The system includes our
airport security display processor (ASDP) system, pan-tilt-zoom (PTZ)
cameras, an ASDP graphical user interface (GUI), and a common
operational picture (COP). The ASDP system takes raw radar data from the
ASDE-3 ground surveillance radar and monitors the airport property and
perimeter for any security breaches. The system detects and tracks
objects of interest beyond and at the perimeter, and on the air
operations area. If a tracked object, such as a car, a boat (JFK borders
Jamaica Bay), or a person, breaches the user-defined perimeter, the
ASDP system issues an alarm, displays the intruder's position on the
GUI, and slews a camera to the location of the intruder and tracks the
intruder. The video is displayed on the COP, an integrated
geo-registered, situational awareness display of all sensor data. The
COP shows not only the video, but also a layered display and interface
for radar data and other sensor inputs. Finally, SPAN records all video
for review and possible future prosecution.
IEEE Xplore Abstract - Airport Perimeter Security: Where we've been, Where we are, and Where we're going
Perimeter security at an airport requires disparate sensors to operate in concert to detect intruders; track them; assess threats; coordinate responses; (for example, human responders for investigation, or door and gate closings); gather evidence for law enforcement prosecution; and coordinate responses between law enforcement agencies. At present, no one system accomplishes all these tasks. Our work and development has evolved a system that meets these needs. In this paper we describe that evolution and show where we've been in system development, how that past has shaped our present deployment of systems and how our current work will lead to a complete solution.
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