Adaptive radar resource management

Radar Resource Management (RRM) is vital for optimizing the performance of modern phased array radars, which are the primary sensor for aircraft, ships, and land platforms. Adaptive Radar Resource Management gives an introduction to radar resource management (RRM), presenting a clear overview of different approaches and techniques, making it very suitable for radar practitioners and researchers in industry and universities.
Coverage includes:

• RRM’s role in optimizing the performance of modern phased array radars
• The advantages of adaptivity in implementing RRM
• The role that modelling and simulation plays in evaluating RRM performance
• Description of the simulation tool Adapt_MFR
• Detailed descriptions and performance results for specific adaptive RRM techniques
• The only book fully dedicated to adaptive RRM
• A comprehensive treatment of phased array radars and RRM, including task prioritization, radar scheduling, and adaptive track update rates
• Provides detailed knowledge of specific RRM techniques and their performance

Adaptive Radar Resource Management, 1st Edition | Peter Moo, Zhen Ding | ISBN 9780128029022
UC San Diego /Adaptive radar resource management / Peter W. Moo, Zhen Ding
Adaptive Radar Resource Management - ScienceDirect

Table of Contents Adaptive Radar Resource Management, 1st Edition

• 1. Introduction
• 2. Overview of RRM Techniques
• 3. Comparison of Adaptive and Non-adaptive Techniques
• 4. Adaptive Scheduling Techniques
• 5. Radar Resource Management For Networked Radars
• 6. Conclusions
• Bibliography

Key Features

• The only book fully dedicated to adaptive RRM
• A comprehensive treatment of phased array radars and RRM, including task prioritization, radar scheduling, and adaptive track update rates
• Provides detailed knowledge of specific RRM techniques and their performance

Description

Radar Resource Management (RRM) is vital for optimizing the performance of modern phased array radars, which are the primary sensor for aircraft, ships, and land platforms. Adaptive Radar Resource Management gives an introduction to radar resource management (RRM), presenting a clear overview of different approaches and techniques, making it very suitable for radar practitioners and researchers in industry and universities.
Coverage includes:

• RRM’s role in optimizing the performance of modern phased array radars
• The advantages of adaptivity in implementing RRM
• The role that modelling and simulation plays in evaluating RRM performance
• Description of the simulation tool Adapt_MFR
• Detailed descriptions and performance results for specific adaptive RRM techniques

References:

1. Z. Ding. A survey of radar resource management algorithms. In Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2008. CCECE 2008. Canadian Conference on, pages 001559-001564, May 2008.
   
2. S. P Noyes. Calculation of next time for track update in the mesar phased array radar. In IEE Colloquium on Target Tracking and Data Fusion, pages 2/1-2/7, 1998.
   
   Abstract | Full Text: PDF (500KB)
3. G. B. Dantzig. Recent advances in linear programming. Management Science, 2:131-144, 1956.
   [CrossRef] 
4. A. J. Orman, C. N. Potts, A. K. Shahani, and A. R. Moore. Scheduling of tasks in phased array radar. European Journal of Operational Research, 90:13-25, 1996.
   
5. S. L. C. Miranda, C. J. Baker, K. Woodbridge, and H. D. Griffiths. Comparison of scheduling algorithms for multifunction radar. IET Radar Sonar Navig., 1(6):414-424, 2007.
   
   Abstract | Full Text: PDF (780KB)  
   
   Jianbin LU, Hui XIAO, Zemin XI, Mingmin ZHANG; Multifunction Phased Array Radar Resource Management: Real-Time Scheduling Algorithm; Journal of Computational Information Systems 7:2 (2011) 385-393 Available at http://www.Jofcis.com 1553-9105/ Copyright © 2011 Binary Information Press, February, 2011
   
   Yijun Chen; Qun Zhang; Ning Yuan; Ying Luo; Hao Lou, "An Adaptive ISAR-Imaging-Considered Task Scheduling Algorithm for Multi-Function Phased Array Radars," in Signal Processing, IEEE Transactions on , vol.63, no.19, pp.5096-5110, Oct.1, 2015
   doi: 10.1109/TSP.2015.2449251
   Abstract: In multi-function phased array radar (MFPAR) systems, time and energy resources are allocated for different tasks so that the radar can perform various missions simultaneously. An effective scheduling algorithm is crucial to optimizing the overall performance of the MFPAR. There are various existing adaptive resource scheduling methods for the allocation of radar resources, but none of them consider the mission of imaging, a very important task. In this paper, an adaptive ISAR-imaging-considered task scheduling algorithm is proposed. Based on the sparse-aperture ISAR Compressive Sensing (CS) cognitive imaging techniques, the required resources for target imaging can be calculated from the online cognition of the target characteristics. Then the imaging mission is considered in the resource scheduling optimization model to realize adaptive allocation of radar resources and high-resolution imaging of multi targets. With the proposed algorithm, different tasks, such as tracking, searching and imaging, etc. can be implemented simultaneously, thus the radar efficiency is significantly improved. The effectiveness of the proposed method will be demonstrated by simulation experiments.
   keywords: {compressed sensing;optimisation;phased array radar;radar imaging;resource allocation;scheduling;synthetic aperture radar;MFPAR systems;adaptive ISAR imaging;energy resource allocation;multifunction phased array radar systems;online target characteristics cognition;radar efficiency improvement;radar resource allocation;resource scheduling optimization model;sparse-aperture ISAR compressive sensing cognitive imaging techniques;target imaging;task scheduling algorithm;time resource allocation;Imaging;Radar imaging;Radar tracking;Resource management;Scheduling algorithms;Signal processing algorithms;Adaptive task scheduling algorithm;compressed sensing;inverse synthetic aperture radar imaging;phased array radar},
   URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=7131589&isnumber=7217861
   
   Zhang, Zhenkai; Zhou, Jianjiang; Wang, Fei; Liu, Weiqiang; Yang, HongBing, "Multiple-target tracking with adaptive sampling intervals for phased-array radar," in Systems Engineering and Electronics, Journal of , vol.22, no.5, pp.760-766, Oct. 2011
   doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-4132.2011.05.006
   Abstract: A novel adaptive sampling interval algorithm for multitarget tracking is presented. This algorithm which is based on interacting multiple models incorporates the grey relational grade (GRG) into the particle swarm optimization (PSO). Firstly, the desired tracking accuracy is set for each target. Secondly, sampling intervals are selected as particles, and then the advantage of the GRG is taken as the measurement function for resource management. Meanwhile, the fitness value of the PSO is used to measure the difference between desired tracking accuracy and estimated tracking accuracy. Finally, it is suggested that the radar should track the target whose prediction value of the next sampling interval is the smallest. Simulations show that the proposed method improves both the tracking accuracy and tracking efficiency of the phased-array radar.
   keywords: {Acceleration;Accuracy;Adaptation models;Algorithm design and analysis;Radar tracking;Target tracking;adaptive sampling interval (ASI);grey relational grade (GRG);particle swarm optimization (PSO);phased-array radar;target tracking},
   URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=6077658&isnumber=6077650
   
   Patini, M.; Vigilante, D., "Adaptive waveforms selection for IMM-UKF tracking architecture: application to multifunctional radar systems in heavy cluttered scenario," in Radar, 2008 International Conference on , vol., no., pp.536-540, 2-5 Sept. 2008
   doi: 10.1109/RADAR.2008.4653982
   Abstract: Modern phased array radars are able to adaptively manage the way in which they explore the surroundings, both in the space domain (thanks to their beam steering capability) and in the time domain (via a smart selection of convenient waveforms), in order to suit a variety of environments. Multifunction radars, more than tracking radars, are in big need of an efficient way to allocate their limited resources (namely, the radar time) to a number of tasks, so that being adaptive is not only a boost for the tracking performances, but also a way to spare resources during undemanding tasks (i.e. big targets in clear areas) and reroute them towards more difficult ones.
   keywords: {Kalman filters;adaptive radar;nonlinear filters;phased array radar;radar clutter;radar signal processing;resource allocation;time-domain analysis;tracking filters;waveform analysis;IMM-UKF tracking architecture;adaptive waveform selection;heavy cluttered scenario;interacting multiple model;multifunctional radar system;phased array radar;resource allocation;time domain;unscented Kalman filtering;Adaptive arrays;Beam steering;Environmental management;Phased arrays;Radar applications;Radar clutter;Radar tracking;Resource management;Spaceborne radar;Target tracking},
   URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=4653982&isnumber=4653862
   
   Veeraraghavan, S.; Rathi, A.; Sagayaraj, M.J.; Nagar, C.V.R., "Turn Rate Estimation Techniques in IMM Estimators for ESA Radar Tracking," in Aerospace Conference, 2008 IEEE , vol., no., pp.1-8, 1-8 March 2008
   doi: 10.1109/AERO.2008.4526441
   Abstract: Electronically steered array-antenna (ESA) radars are used to perform multiple roles, such as surveillance and dedicated tracking. The beam positioning agility of ESA radars can be used to efficiently track maneuvering targets. Maneuvers made by targets are often modeled using turn models. The success of using turn models relies on the correct estimation of turn-rate. Various schemes have been proposed in literature for estimation of turn rate. This paper makes a comparative study of turn rate estimation techniques for ESA radar tracking. An adaptive revisit scheme is used for tracking maneuvering targets, using the interacting multiple-model (IMM) approach. Better turn-rate estimation techniques in this adaptive framework can significantly bring down the demand for resources while tracking maneuvering targets. Simulation studies are carried out using the benchmark target trajectories defined for phased array radar tracking. Monte-Carlo simulation results against six maneuvering target scenarios are presented and discussed.
   keywords: {antenna arrays;radar antennas;radar tracking;target tracking;ESA radar tracking;IMM estimators;Monte-Carlo simulation;electronically steered array-antenna;interacting multiple-model approach;track maneuvering targets;turn rate estimation techniques;Acceleration;Angular velocity;Equations;Motion estimation;Phased arrays;Radar tracking;Resource management;Surveillance;Target tracking;Trajectory;ESA radar;IMM;target tracking;turn-rate estimation},
   URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=4526441&isnumber=4526225
   
   Barbaresco, F., "Radar resources optimization by adaptive serch domains priority assignment based on most threatening trajectories computation," in Information Fusion, 2007 10th International Conference on , vol., no., pp.1-8, 9-12 July 2007
   doi: 10.1109/ICIF.2007.4408200
   Abstract: The main challenge of future phased array multifunction radar will be to optimise the radar time budget to avoid deleterious overload effects. For this purpose, we propose a new technique for priority assignment of Search Domains. Then, we have developed new algorithms for most threatening trajectories computation based on Calculus of Variations approach developed for "shortest path computation" in image processing.
   keywords: {adaptive radar;graph theory;optimisation;phased array radar;radar imaging;search radar;adaptive search domains priority assignment;image processing;phased array multifunction radar;radar resource optimization;radar time budget;shortest path computation;threatening trajectory computation;variation calculus;Calculus;Financial management;Passive radar;Phased arrays;Radar clutter;Radar detection;Radar imaging;Radar tracking;Target tracking;Trajectory;Radar Management;Search Domain Prioritization;Shortest Paths Computation;Threatening Trajectories},
   URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=4408200&isnumber=4407958
   
   Barbaresco, F., "Radar Resources Optimization by Adaptive Search Domains Priority Assignment Based on Most Threatening Trajectories Computation," in Intelligent Sensor Management, 2007 3rd Institution of Engineering and Technology Seminar on , vol., no., pp.1-10, 10-10 May 2007
   Abstract: The main challenge of future phased array multifunction radar will be to optimise the radar time budget to avoid deleterious overload effects. For this purpose, we propose a new technique for priority assignment of search domains. For that purpose, we have developed new algorithms for most threatening trajectories computation based on calculus of variations approach developed for "shortest path computation" in image processing.
   keywords: {adaptive radar;phased array radar;radar imaging;search problems;adaptive search domain priority assignment;calculus of variations;image processing;phased array multifunction radar;radar resources optimization;shortest path computation;threatening trajectories computation},
   URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=4243379&isnumber=4243378
   
   Yongjie Zhang; Shaohong Li, "Study on the Optimal and Adaptive Search of Multifunction Phased Array Radar," in Signal Processing, 2006 8th International Conference on , vol.4, no., pp., 16-20 Nov. 2006
   doi: 10.1109/ICOSP.2006.346012
   Abstract: The beam agility and controllability of system parameters provide phased array radar systems the capability of concurrent multifunction and the potential of high adaptability. It is very important to allocate the constrained radar resources to the radar tasks adoptively according to the dynamic change of the environment and the operational requirements in order to optimize the overall performance of the systems. The optimal model of the allocation of the radar resource is presented based on the quantified radar load in this paper. The parameter optimization of the search function of a Pulse-Doppler phased array radar is investigated, the method to design optimal search in an adaptive way is formulated and the impact of the model parameters on search performance is analyzed through simulations.
   keywords: {Doppler radar;optimisation;phased array radar;search radar;adaptive search;concurrent multifunction;multifunction phased array radar;optimal model;optimal search;parameter optimization;pulse-Doppler phased array radar;radar resource allocation;radar tasks;Adaptive arrays;Analytical models;Constraint optimization;Controllability;Design methodology;Design optimization;Performance analysis;Phased arrays;Radar;Resource management},
   URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=4129704&isnumber=4129618
   
   Miranda, S.; Baker, C.; Woodbridge, K.; Griffiths, H., "Knowledge-based resource management for multifunction radar: a look at scheduling and task prioritization," in Signal Processing Magazine, IEEE , vol.23, no.1, pp.66-76, Jan. 2006
   doi: 10.1109/MSP.2006.1593338
   Abstract: In this article, we consider two related aspects of radar resource management, scheduling and task prioritization. Two different methods of scheduling are examined and compared and their differences and similarities highlighted. The comparison suggests that prioritization of tasks plays a dominant role in determining performance. A prioritization scheme based on fuzzy logic is subsequently contrasted and compared with a hard logic approach as a basis for task prioritization. The setting of priorities is shown to be critically dependent on prior expert knowledge. By assessing the priorities of targets and sectors of surveillance according to a set of rules it is attempted to imitate the human decision-making process such that the resource manager can distribute the radar resources in a more effective way. Results suggest that the fuzzy approach is a valid means of evaluating the relative importance of the radar tasks; the resulting priorities have been adapted by the fuzzy logic prioritization method, according to how the radar system perceived the surrounding environment.
   keywords: {fuzzy logic;knowledge based systems;radar computing;resource allocation;scheduling;fuzzy logic;hard logic approach;human decision-making process;knowledge-based resource management;multifunction radar;scheduling;task prioritization;Adaptive systems;Antenna arrays;Fuzzy logic;Phased arrays;Radar antennas;Radar measurements;Radar signal processing;Radar tracking;Resource management;Surveillance},
   URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=1593338&isnumber=33529
   
   Miranda, S.L.C.; Baker, C.J.; Woodbridge, K.; Griffiths, H.D., "Phased array radar resource management: a comparison of scheduling algorithms," in Radar Conference, 2004. Proceedings of the IEEE , vol., no., pp.79-84, 26-29 April 2004
   doi: 10.1109/NRC.2004.1316399
   Abstract: Scheduling is an important sub-problem of radar resource management as there is a strong correlation between how tasks should be carried out and the time available to perform them. The paper compares two scheduling algorithms presented in the literature to investigate whether there are significant differences in their performance related to the allocation of radar time resources. We have developed a radar model applying a modular architecture to use the same operating and environment conditions in the analysis. The results suggest that, apart from minor differences, the algorithms provide similar performance.
   keywords: {phased array radar;radar tracking;resource allocation;scheduling;search radar;modular architecture;phased array radar resource management;scheduling algorithms;surveillance tasks;time resource allocation;tracking tasks;Adaptive arrays;Algorithm design and analysis;Antenna arrays;Educational institutions;Phased arrays;Radar antennas;Radar tracking;Resource management;Scheduling algorithm;Surveillance},
   URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=1316399&isnumber=29174
   
   Berry, P.E.; Fogg, D.A.B., "On the use of entropy for optimal radar resource management and control," in Radar Conference, 2003. Proceedings of the International , vol., no., pp.572-577, 3-5 Sept. 2003
   doi: 10.1109/RADAR.2003.1278804
   Abstract: The use of information entropy as a quantitative measure of uncertainty for radar resource management and control objectives is explored and applied to issues of current interest. It is seen to be rigorous and objective, and therefore potentially superior to heuristic, rule-based approaches for problems which can be formulated in probabilistic terms. It is particularly appropriate for sensor systems in general which have as their objective the acquisition of information, but which are dominated by uncertainty and subject to time and resource constraints. Examples of the application of this control and management methodology are given to radar problems on widely differing time-scales: the scheduling of track updates in a beam-agile radar (ms), and the tasking of a constellation of SAR surveillance satellites for maritime search and tracking (hours).
   keywords: {adaptive control;entropy;marine radar;optimisation;phased array radar;probability;radar detection;radar tracking;search radar;spaceborne radar;synthetic aperture radar;uncertainty handling;SAR surveillance satellites;adaptive control;beam-agile radar track updates;constellation tasking;constrained optimisation problem;information acquisition;information entropy;maritime search;maritime tracking;multifunction phased array radar;optimal radar resource management;probabilistic problems;radar control;radar detection;resource constraints;synthetic aperture radar;time constraints;uncertainty measure;Current measurement;Information entropy;Measurement uncertainty;Optimal control;Radar applications;Radar measurements;Radar tracking;Resource management;Sensor systems;Time factors},
   URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=1278804&isnumber=28560
   
   Xu, B.; Yang, C.Y.; Mao, S.Y.; Li, S.H., "Adaptive search strategy in phased array radars," in Radar, 2001 CIE International Conference on, Proceedings , vol., no., pp.250-254, 2001
   doi: 10.1109/ICR.2001.984667
   Abstract: In this paper, an adaptive region search strategy and its performance are studied. Firstly, the optimal illumination interval and the optimal search performance with the known target appearance probability are derived. Next, the influence of the target distribution density's estimation error on the optimal region search performance is analyzed and an adaptive search method, and its performance are investigated. Finally, the simulation results are provided
   keywords: {optimisation;parameter estimation;phased array radar;radar target recognition;search radar;adaptive region search strategy;estimation error;optimal illumination interval;performance;phased array radar;target appearance probability;target distribution density;Adaptive arrays;Energy resources;Estimation error;Lighting;Performance analysis;Phased arrays;Radar detection;Resource management;Search methods;Surveillance},
   URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=984667&isnumber=21220
   
   Kirubarajan, T.; Bar-Shalom, Y.; Blair, W.D.; Watson, G.A., "IMMPDAF for radar management and tracking benchmark with ECM," in Aerospace and Electronic Systems, IEEE Transactions on , vol.34, no.4, pp.1115-1134, Oct 1998
   doi: 10.1109/7.722696
   Abstract: A framework is presented for controlling a phased array radar for tracking highly maneuvering targets in the presence of false alarms (FAs) and electronic countermeasures (ECMs). Algorithms are presented for track formation and maintenance; adaptive selection of target revisit interval, waveform and detection threshold; and neutralizing techniques for ECM, namely, against a standoff jammer (SOJ) and range gate pull off (RGPO). The interacting multiple model (IMM) estimator in combination with the probabilistic data association (PDA) technique is used for tracking. A constant false alarm rate (CFAR) approach is used to adaptively select the detection threshold and radar waveform, countering the effect of jammer-induced false measurements. The revisit interval is selected adaptively, based on the predicted angular innovation standard deviations. This tracker/radar-resource-allocator provides a complete solution to the benchmark problem for target tracking and radar control. Simulation results show an average sampling interval of about 2.5 s while maintaining a track loss less than the maximum allowed 4%
   keywords: {adaptive signal detection;direction-of-arrival estimation;electronic countermeasures;jamming;phased array radar;radar computing;radar signal processing;radar tracking;sensor fusion;target tracking;tracking filters;adaptive selection;angular innovation standard deviations;benchmark problem;constant false alarm rate;coordinate selection;detection threshold;electronic countermeasures;false alarms;interacting multiple model estimator;neutralizing techniques;phased array radar;probabilistic data association filter;radar control;radar management;radar waveform;radar-resource-allocator;range gate pull off;standoff jammer;target revisit interval;track formation;tracking highly maneuvering targets;Birth disorders;Electrochemical machining;Electronic countermeasures;Jamming;Phased arrays;Radar countermeasures;Radar detection;Radar measurements;Radar tracking;Target tracking},
   URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=722696&isnumber=15626
   
   IEE Colloquium on `Real-Time Management of Adaptive Radar Systems' (Digest No.102)," in Real-Time Management of Adaptive Radar Systems, IEE Colloquium on , vol., no., pp., 12 Jun 1990
   Abstract: The following topics were dealt with: real time radar management; multifunctional rotating phased array radar resources management; parameter optimisation; adaptive radar system control; DART real time control and operator interface; ART adaptive radar testbed; multifunction electronically scanned adaptive radar (MESAR); and spaceborne SAR
   keywords: {aerospace instrumentation;antenna phased arrays;radar antennas;radar systems;real-time systems;telecommunications computer control;ART;DART;MESAR;adaptive radar system control;adaptive radar testbed;multifunction electronically scanned adaptive radar;multifunctional rotating phased array radar;operator interface;parameter optimisation;real time control;real time radar management;resources management;spaceborne SAR},
   URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=191183&isnumber=4907
   
   Filippi, R.; Pardini, S., "An example of resources management in a multifunctional rotating phased array radar," in Real-Time Management of Adaptive Radar Systems, IEE Colloquium on , vol., no., pp.2/1-2/3, 12 Jun 1990
   Abstract: Proposes a control architecture for an efficient management of a multifunctional rotating phased array radar. For a true exploitation of the radar's capabilities a highly complex control computer is necessary. A functional architecture is presented that can be implemented on a multiprocessor computer called the Radar Management Computer
   keywords: {antenna phased arrays;multiprocessing systems;radar antennas;scanning antennas;telecommunications computer control;Radar Management Computer;control architecture;multifunctional rotating phased array radar;multiprocessor computer;resources management},
   URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=191185&isnumber=4907
   

Zhen Ding

Zhen Ding - ResearchGate

• Zhen Ding; Hong, L., "Development of a distributed IMM algorithm for multi-platform multi-sensor tracking," in Multisensor Fusion and Integration for Intelligent Systems, 1996. IEEE/SICE/RSJ International Conference on , vol., no., pp.455-461, 8-11 Dec 1996
  doi: 10.1109/MFI.1996.572217
  Abstract: In this paper, a distributed interacting multiple model (DIMM) algorithm for multi-platform multi-sensor tracking is presented, where the overall target model space is decomposed into all platforms. Each platform contains only a model subset, and interacting multiple model filtering is performed on all platforms. By exchanging some moderate filtering results through a platform communication datalink, a distributed interacting multiple model algorithm can be obtained. Since the DIMM has the advantages of distributed models and distributed measurements as well, significant computation can be saved and good performance can be achieved
  keywords: {Monte Carlo methods;filtering theory;sensor fusion;tracking;communication datalink;distributed interacting multiple model algorithm;interacting multiple model filtering;multi-platform multi-sensor tracking;Bandwidth;Bayesian methods;Distributed computing;Filter bank;Filtering algorithms;Merging;Missiles;Sensor fusion;State estimation;Target tracking},
  URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=572217&isnumber=12289
  
  Sergey, L.; Hubbard, O.; Zhen Ding; Ghadaki, H.; Jian Wang; Ponsford, T., "Advanced mitigating techniques to remove the effects of wind turbines and wind farms on primary surveillance radars," in Radar Conference, 2008. RADAR '08. IEEE , vol., no., pp.1-6, 26-30 May 2008
  doi: 10.1109/RADAR.2008.4721114
  Abstract: In the past decade many countries have launched programs to deploy wind turbines as alternative sources of electrical energy. When deployed in wind farms this technology has raised concerns from both air traffic control (ATC) and military authorities. This is due to the fact that the turbine blades return radar echoes that have the potential to distract and confuse the air traffic picture by creating false detections that can effectively mask genuine aircraft returns. Most of the mitigation solutions offered today are either primarily based on such measures as range-azimuth gating or inhibiting track initiation in the vicinity of wind farms. These draconian measures can result in a significant degradation in radar performance and potential air traffic control disruption. They may also require costly redesign of the existing radars. This paper presents a set of 'clean' solutions that mitigate, and in some cases completely eliminate the effect of wind turbine returns. The solution is based on the combination of discrimination techniques applied at the pre-detection, detection and post detection stages of the radar signal processing chain. The suit of mitigation solutions developed does not adversely affect aircraft detection, and can be readily retrofitted to the existing ATC primary surveillance radars (PSR).
  keywords: {air traffic control;interference suppression;radar signal processing;search radar;signal detection;wind turbines;air traffic control;constant false alarm rate;interference mitigation;primary surveillance radars;radar echoes;radar signal processing;range-azimuth gating;signal detection;turbine blades;wind farms;wind turbines;Air traffic control;Airborne radar;Blades;Degradation;Military aircraft;Radar detection;Radar tracking;Surveillance;Wind farms;Wind turbines;Radar;detection;feature aided tracking;mitigation;track classification;wind farm},
  URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=4721114&isnumber=4720717
  
  Zhen Ding, "A survey of radar resource management algorithms," in Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2008. CCECE 2008. Canadian Conference on , vol., no., pp.001559-001564, 4-7 May 2008
  doi: 10.1109/CCECE.2008.4564804
  Abstract: This paper provides a preliminary survey of the multifunction phased array radar resource management algorithms. The survey is done based on selected forty three papers to illustrate existing algorithms for the radar resource optimization problem. The algorithms are categorized into six categories, where the first 3 categories are adaptive scheduling algorithms and the remaining categories are resource aided algorithms. The resource aided algorithms are relevant since a better algorithm needs less resource to achieve the same performance.
  keywords: {adaptive scheduling;phased array radar;resource allocation;adaptive scheduling algorithms;multifunction phased array RRM algorithms;radar resource management;radar resource optimization problem;resource aided algorithms;Fiber reinforced plastics;Radar;Resource management;Virtual reality;Multi-function phased array radar;radar resource management;survey},
  URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=4564804&isnumber=4564482
  
  Hong, L.; Zhen Ding, "A distributed multirate IMM algorithm for multiplatform tracking," in American Control Conference, 1997. Proceedings of the 1997 , vol.3, no., pp.1458-1462 vol.3, 4-6 Jun 1997
  doi: 10.1109/ACC.1997.610712
  Abstract: Under the assumption that each model operates at an update rate proportional to the model's assumed dynamics, a multirate interacting multiple model (MRIMM) algorithm is briefly introduced. Based on the multirate IMM, its distributed version DMRIMM algorithm for multiplatform tracking is proposed. The MRIMM algorithm is first employed to perform each local/platform estimation. A global filter is then constructed to perform a fusion of MRIMM estimations. The advantages of low computation loads and performance improvement are demonstrated through Monte Carlo simulations
  keywords: {Markov processes;Monte Carlo methods;digital simulation;filtering theory;sensor fusion;target tracking;Monte Carlo simulations;distributed multirate interacting multiple model algorithm;global filter;multiplatform tracking;update rate;Adaptive algorithm;Data communication;Estimation;Filtering;Filters;History;Integrated circuit modeling;Signal resolution;Target tracking;Wavelet transforms},
  URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=610712&isnumber=13370
  
  Hong, L.; Zhen Ding, "Multiple target tracking using a multirate IMMJPDA algorithm," in American Control Conference, 1998. Proceedings of the 1998 , vol.4, no., pp.2427-2431 vol.4, 21-26 Jun 1998
  doi: 10.1109/ACC.1998.703069
  Abstract: A multirate interacting multiple model joint probabilistic data association (MRIMMJPDA) tracking algorithm is developed. The MRIMMJPDA combines two powerful algorithms, the multirate interacting multiple model (MRIMM) tracking algorithm and the joint probabilistic data association (JPDA) algorithm, such that both manoeuvring and nonmanoeuvring targets in clutter can be tracked effectively and efficiently
  keywords: {clutter;filtering theory;probability;target tracking;clutter;manoeuvring targets;multiple target tracking;multirate interacting multiple model joint probabilistic data association tracking algorithm;nonmanoeuvring targets;Computational complexity;Computer vision;Image processing;Image resolution;Noise measurement;Power measurement;Signal processing algorithms;Signal resolution;Spatial resolution;Target tracking},
  URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=703069&isnumber=15190

Peter W Moo 

• Scheduling for multifunction radar via two-slope benefit ...
  www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA545072&Location...
• Moo, P.W., "Scheduling for multifunction radar via two-slope benefit functions," in Radar, Sonar & Navigation, IET , vol.5, no.8, pp.884-894, Oct. 2011
• doi: 10.1049/iet-rsn.2010.0237
• Abstract: The scheduling of tracking and surveillance looks for multifunction radar is considered. A technique called the sequential scheduler is proposed, whereby tracking looks and high-priority surveillance looks are scheduled first, and lower-priority surveillance looks are then scheduled to occupy gaps in the radar time line. A method called the two-slope benefit function (TSBF) sub-scheduler is used and requires that each tracking look and high-priority surveillance look has a benefit function, which specifies benefit as a function of start time. This method accounts for both look priority and target dynamics in formulating a look schedule. If the radar is overloaded with tracking look requests, the TSBF sub-scheduler down-selects a set of looks that can be scheduled, using a method that favours higher priority looks. Looks are scheduled to maximise the total benefit, and it is shown that the resulting maximisation is equivalent to a linear program which can be solved efficiently using the simplex method. A technique called the gap-filling sub-scheduler is used to schedule lower-priority surveillance looks. An example is presented which illustrates the properties of the sequential scheduler.
• keywords: {linear programming;radar tracking;scheduling;surveillance;gap-filling subscheduler;high-priority surveillance;linear program;multifunction radar;scheduling;sequential scheduler;simplex method;tracking;two-slope benefit functions},
• URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=6036241&isnumber=6036231
• Moo, P.W.; Xiaolin Wu, "Resynchronization properties of arithmetic coding," in Data Compression Conference, 1999. Proceedings. DCC '99 , vol., no., pp.540-, 29-31 Mar 1999
• doi: 10.1109/DCC.1999.785697
• Abstract: Summary form only given. Arithmetic coding is a popular and efficient lossless compression technique that maps a sequence of source symbols to an interval of numbers between zero and one. We consider the important problem of decoding an arithmetic code stream when an initial segment of that code stream is unknown. We call decoding under these conditions resynchronizing an arithmetic code. This problem has importance in both error resilience and cryptology. If an initial segment of the code stream is corrupted by channel noise, then the decoder must attempt to determine the original source sequence without full knowledge of the code stream. In this case, the ability to resynchronize helps the decoder to recover from the channel errors. But in the situation of encryption one would like to have very high time complexity for resynchronization. We consider the problem of resynchronizing simple arithmetic codes. This research lays the groundwork for future analysis of arithmetic codes with high-order context models. In order for the decoder to achieve full resynchronization, the unknown, initial b bits of the code stream must be determined exactly. When the source is approximately IID, the search complexity associated with choosing the correct sequence is at least O(2 ^b/2). Therefore, when b is 100 or more, the time complexity required to achieve full resynchronization is prohibitively high. To partially resynchronize, the decoder must determine the coding interval after b bits have been output by the encoder. For a stationary source and a finite-precision static binary arithmetic coder, the complexity of determining the code interval is O(2^2s), where the precision is s bits
• keywords: {arithmetic codes;cryptography;decoding;digital arithmetic;error correction codes;search problems;synchronisation;arithmetic coding;binary arithmetic;coding interval;cryptology;decoding;encryption;error resilience;high-order context models;lossless compression;resynchronization;search complexity;source sequence;stationary source;time complexity;Computer science;Context modeling;Costs;Cryptography;Decoding;Digital arithmetic;Image coding;Resilience;Streaming media;Video compression},
• URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=785697&isnumber=16375
• Moo, P.W.; Neuhoff, D.L., "Optimal compressor functions for multidimensional companding," in Information Theory. 1997. Proceedings., 1997 IEEE International Symposium on , vol., no., pp.515-, 29 Jun-4 Jul 1997
• doi: 10.1109/ISIT.1997.613452
• Abstract: We determine the asymptotically optimal compressor function for a multidimensional compander when the source is stationary and memoryless. The mean squared error of optimized companding is compared to that of optimal vector quantization and to that of scalar companding
• keywords: {vector quantisation;asymptotically optimal compressor function;mean squared error;multidimensional companding;stationary memoryless sources;Computer errors;Lattices;Multidimensional systems;Pulse width modulation;Shape;Vector quantization},
• URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=613452&isnumber=13396
• Moo, P.W.; Zhen Ding, "Tracking Performance of MIMO Radar for Accelerating Targets," in Signal Processing, IEEE Transactions on , vol.61, no.21, pp.5205-5216, Nov.1, 2013
• doi: 10.1109/TSP.2013.2274278
• Abstract: Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar utilizes orthogonal waveforms on each transmit element to achieve virtual aperture extension. Compared to a directed beam radar, MIMO radar has increased Doppler resolution due to the longer integration times required to maintain the same energy on target. However, the requirement for longer integration times can also cause target returns to be spread over multiple range-Doppler bins, which decreases probability of detection. This paper derives an analytical expression for probability of detection that explicitly accounts for range-Doppler migration. The effect of target velocity, target acceleration and integration time on range-Doppler migration is analyzed. A framework for velocity and acceleration compensation and step sizes for full and partial compensation are proposed. Single-target track completeness and track accuracy are compared for directed beam radar, MIMO radar with full compensation, MIMO radar with partial compensation, and uncompensated MIMO radar. Results indicate that compensation is required to prevent degraded probability of detection and track completeness as target velocity and acceleration increase. Full compensation mitigates the effects of range-Doppler migration but requires additional computational complexity. The use of partial compensation reduces computational complexity requirements but has diminished tracking performance due to coasting over missed measurements.
• keywords: {Doppler radar;MIMO radar;compensation;probability;radar tracking;waveform analysis;Doppler resolution;MIMO radar;acceleration compensation;directed beam radar;multiple range-Doppler bins;multiple-input multiple-output radar;orthogonal waveform;partial compensation;range-Doppler migration;single-target track completeness;target acceleration;target velocity;track accuracy;tracking performance;velocity compensation;virtual aperture extension;Acceleration;Doppler effect;MIMO;MIMO radar;Radar tracking;Target tracking;Acceleration compensation;coherent MIMO radar;phased array radar;range-Doppler migration;single target tracking;velocity compensation},
• URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=6567993&isnumber=6601658
• Moo, P.W., "GMTI performance of ΣΔ-STAP for a forward-looking radar," in Radar Conference, 2001. Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE , vol., no., pp.258-263, 2001
• doi: 10.1109/NRC.2001.922987
• Abstract: The GMTI performance of ΣΔ-STAP for a forward looking phased array radar is analyzed using the simulation tool RLSTAP. ΣΔ-STAP processes the returns from sum and difference antenna channels. When used in conjunction with partially adaptive STAP methods ΣΔ-STAP is shown to achieve good GMTI performance
• keywords: {antenna phased arrays;phased array radar;radar antennas;radar detection;radar signal processing;radar target recognition;radar theory;simulation;space-time adaptive processing;ΣΔ-STAP;GMTI performance;RLSTAP;forward-looking radar;partially adaptive STAP;phased array radar;simulation tool;sum/difference antenna channels;Airborne radar;Antenna arrays;Computational modeling;Mathematical model;Phased arrays;Pulse compression methods;Radar antennas;Radar clutter;Radar cross section;Space vector pulse width modulation},
• URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=922987&isnumber=19954
• Moo, P.W.; Neuhoff, D.L., "Uniform polar quantization revisited," in Information Theory, 1998. Proceedings. 1998 IEEE International Symposium on , vol., no., pp.100-, 16-21 Aug 1998
• doi: 10.1109/ISIT.1998.708687
• Abstract: Using a recent result on the support of uniform scalar quantization, we optimize uniform polar quantization by choosing the asymptotically optimal support of the magnitude quantizer and deriving the optimal rate allocation between the magnitude and phase quantizers
• keywords: {optimisation;quantisation (signal);asymptotically optimal support;magnitude quantizer;optimal rate allocation;optimization;phase quantizers;uniform polar quantization;uniform scalar quantization;Delta modulation;Discrete Fourier transforms;Mathematics;Noise figure;Phase estimation;Phase noise;Quantization;Signal to noise ratio},
• URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=708687&isnumber=15310
• Moo, P.W., "Range-doppler migration in coherent MIMO radar," in Radar Conference (EuRAD), 2011 European , vol., no., pp.138-141, 12-14 Oct. 2011
• Abstract: The detection performance of coherent MIMO radar with orthogonal waveforms is compared to that of a radar using a directed beam. For an accelerating target and Doppler processing detection, an analytical expression for probability of detection which explicitly accounts for range-Doppler migration is presented. It is shown that radar and target parameters should satisfy particular conditions in order to ensure that range- Doppler migration does not occur. Due to longer integration times, MIMO radar suffers degraded detection performance compared to that of a directed beam radar. Doppler migration due to target acceleration is the dominant cause of range-Doppler migration as the number of antenna elements increases.
• keywords: {MIMO radar;probability;radar detection;Doppler processing detection;coherent MIMO radar detection performance;detection probability;directed beam radar;orthogonal waveforms;range-Doppler migration;target acceleration;Acceleration;Doppler effect;Doppler radar;MIMO radar;Radar antennas;Signal to noise ratio;MIMO radar;radar detection;radar theory},
• URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=6101025&isnumber=6100963
• Xiaolin Wu; Moo, P.W., "Joint image/video compression and encryption via high-order conditional entropy coding of wavelet coefficients," in Multimedia Computing and Systems, 1999. IEEE International Conference on , vol.2, no., pp.908-912 vol.2, Jul 1999
• doi: 10.1109/MMCS.1999.778609
• Abstract: As the Internet and multimedia systems grow in size and popularity, compression and encryption of image and video data are becoming increasingly important. However, independent compression and encryption is too slow for many multimedia applications. This paper presents a new joint compression and encryption method for images and videos that uses high-order conditional entropy coding of wavelet coefficients to facilitate encryption. As a result, state-of-the-art compression and significantly enhanced security are achieved, with no extra computational complexity
• keywords: {cryptography;data compression;entropy codes;image coding;multimedia systems;video coding;wavelet transforms;Internet;computational complexity;data security;encryption;high-order conditional entropy coding;joint image video compression;multimedia systems;wavelet coefficients;Arithmetic;Computer science;Cryptography;Data security;Entropy coding;Image coding;Internet;Streaming media;Video compression;Wavelet coefficients},
• URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=778609&isnumber=16898
• Moo, P.W.; Zhen Ding, "Adaptive radar scheduling of track updates," in Radar Conference (Radar), 2014 International , vol., no., pp.1-6, 13-17 Oct. 2014
• doi: 10.1109/RADAR.2014.7060239
• Abstract: The scheduling of tracking update looks for a phased array radar is considered. A method called the Two-Slope Benefit Function (TSBF) Scheduler is formulated and requires that each tracking look have a benefit function, which specifies benefit as a function of start time. This method accounts for both look priority and target dynamics in formulating a look schedule. If the radar is overloaded with tracking look requests, the TSBF Scheduler down-selects a set of looks which can be scheduled, using a method which favours higher priority looks. Looks are scheduled to maximize the total benefit, and it is shown that the resulting maximization is equivalent to a linear program which can be solved efficiently using the simplex method. This technique attempts to optimize target tracking performance while making the best use of radar resources. An example is presented which illustrates the properties of the TSBF Scheduler and compares performance to the state-of-the-art.
• keywords: {adaptive scheduling;linear programming;phased array radar;radar tracking;target tracking;TSBF scheduler;adaptive radar scheduling;benefit function;linear program;phased array radar;simplex method;target dynamics;target tracking performance;tracking look request;tracking update scheduling;two-slope benefit function;Arrays;Dynamic scheduling;Radar tracking;Schedules;Target tracking;Phased array radar;adaptive scheduling;radar resource management;radar tracking},
• URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=7060239&isnumber=7060235
• Moo, P.W.; Zhen Ding, "Coordinated radar resource management for networked phased array radars," in Radar, Sonar & Navigation, IET , vol.9, no.8, pp.1009-1020, 10 2015
• doi: 10.1049/iet-rsn.2013.0368
• Abstract: A phased array radar has the ability to rapidly and adaptively position beams and adjust dwell times, thus enabling a single radar to perform multiple functions, such as surveillance, tracking and fire control. A radar resource manager prioritises and schedules tasks from the various functions to best use available resources. Networked phased array radars that are connected by a communication channel are studied. This study considers whether coordinated radar resource management (RRM), which exploits the sharing of tracking and detection data between radars, enhances performance compared with independent RRM. Two types of distributed management techniques for coordinated RRM are proposed, with each type characterised by varying amounts of coordination between the radars. A two-radar network and 30-target scenario are modelled in the simulation tool Adapt_MFR, to analyse the performance of the two coordinated RRM techniques against the baseline case of independent RRM. Results indicate that the coordinated RRM techniques achieve the same track completeness as independent RRM, while decreasing track occupancy and frame time. Therefore, coordinated RRM can improve reaction time against threats, at the expense of sending data across a communication channel. The performance of coordinated RRM for a communication channel with errors is also modelled and analysed.
• keywords: {phased array radar;30-target scenario;adapt_MFR;baseline case;communication channel;coordinated radar resource management;detection data;distributed management techniques;dwell times;fire control;independent RRM;networked phased array radars;reaction time;simulation tool;surveillance;tracking;two-radar network},
• URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=7272150&isnumber=7272144
• Moo, P.W.; Xiaolin Wu, "Resynchronization properties of arithmetic coding," in Image Processing, 1999. ICIP 99. Proceedings. 1999 International Conference on , vol.2, no., pp.545-549 vol.2, 24-28 Oct. 1999
• doi: 10.1109/ICIP.1999.822955
• Abstract: This paper considers decoding an arithmetic code stream when an initial portion of the code stream is unknown. Full resynchronization is hypothesized to have complexity that is exponential in the length of the initial portion. Experimental results specify the time complexity of determining the current arithmetic code interval, which is the important task in partial resynchronization.
• keywords: {computational complexity;data compression;image coding;arithmetic coding;image coding;image compression;partial resynchronization;time complexity;Computer science;Cryptography;Decoding;Digital arithmetic;Image analysis;Image coding;Performance loss;Streaming media;Transform coding;Video compression},
• URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=822955&isnumber=17708
• Moo, P.W., "Multiple-input multiple-output radar search strategies for high-velocity targets," in Radar, Sonar & Navigation, IET , vol.5, no.3, pp.256-265, March 2011
• doi: 10.1049/iet-rsn.2010.0044
• Abstract: The radar detection of high-velocity targets with a multiple-element antenna array is considered. The detection performance of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar with orthogonal waveforms is compared with that of a radar using a directed beam. An analytical expression for the probability of detection for a radar with a multiple-element array is derived. For high-velocity targets, the decrease in probability of detection because of the longer integration time required for MIMO radar is quantified. It is shown that for lower-velocity targets, sector search using orthogonal waveforms results has similar detection range performance to that of scanning directed beams. For higher-velocity targets, the use of scanning directed beams yields larger detection range.
• keywords: {MIMO radar;antenna arrays;multifrequency antennas;radar detection;MIMO radar;high-velocity targets;multiple-element antenna array;multiple-input multiple-output radar search strategies;orthogonal waveforms;radar detection;scanning directed beams},
• URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=5704829&isnumber=5704823