Applications of Lasers in Glaucoma Diagnosis and Treatment
Bibliography:
S. Maheshwari; R. B. Pachori; U. R. Acharya, "Automated Diagnosis of Glaucoma Using Empirical Wavelet Transform and Correntropy Features Extracted from Fundus Images," in IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics , vol.PP, no.99, pp.1-1doi: 10.1109/JBHI.2016.2544961
Abstract: Glaucoma is an ocular disorder caused due to increased fluid pressure in the optic nerve. It damages the optic nerve subsequently causes loss of vision. The available scanning methods are Heidelberg Retinal Tomography (HRT), Scanning Laser Polarimetry (SLP) and Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT). These methods are expensive and require experienced clinicians to use them. So, there is a need to diagnose glaucoma accurately with low cost. Hence, in this paper, we have presented a new methodology for an automated diagnosis of glaucoma using digital fundus images based on Empirical Wavelet Transform (EWT). The EWT is used to decompose the image and correntropy features are obtained from decomposed EWT components. These extracted features are ranked based on t value feature selection algorithm. Then, these features are used for the classification of normal and glaucoma images using Least Squares Support Vector Machine (LS-SVM) classifier. The LSSVM is employed for classification with Radial Basis Function (RBF), Morlet wavelet and Mexican-hat wavelet kernels. The classification accuracy of proposed method is 98.33% and 96.67% using three-fold and ten-fold cross validation respectively.
keywords: {Biomedical optical imaging;Databases;Feature extraction;Optical imaging;Wavelet transforms;Glaucoma;correntropy;empirical wavelet transform;feature selection;least squares support vector machine classifier},
URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=7438741&isnumber=6363502
V. K. Sree and P. S. Rao, "Diagnosis of ophthalmologic disordersin retinal fundus images," Applications of Digital Information and Web Technologies (ICADIWT), 2014 Fifth International Conference on the, Bangalore, 2014, pp. 131-136.
doi: 10.1109/ICADIWT.2014.6814696
Abstract: Automated fundus image analysis plays an important role in the computer aided diagnosis of ophthalmologic disorders. A lot of eye disorders, as well as cardiovascular disorders, are known to be related with retinal vasculature changes. Many important eye diseases as well as systemic diseases manifest themselves in the retina. While a number of other anatomical structures contribute to the process of vision, this paper focuses on retinal image analysis and their clinical implications. The most prevalent causes of blindness in the industrialized world are age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma. Retinal exudates are among the preliminary signs of diabetic retinopathy, a major cause of vision loss in diabetic patients. Correct and efficient screening of exudates is very expensive in professional time and may cause human error. Nowadays, the digital retinal image is frequently used to follow-up and diagnoses eye diseases. Therefore, the retinal image is crucial and essential for experts to detect exudates. In age related Macular degeneration, the macula is responsible for the sharp central vision needed for detailed activities such as reading, writing, driving, face recognition and ability to see colors. Age related macular degeneration is degeneration of the macula area and the delicate cells of the macula become inactive and stop working. Unfortunately, age-related macular degeneration cannot be completely cured, but if diagnosed at an early stage degeneration laser treatment can help some people to prevent further deterioration of macula. The algorithm locates disease affected pixels on macula and displays their location. After pre-processing particle analysis tool is applied to locate the effected parts on the fundus image.
keywords: {computer aided analysis;eye;medical image processing;age-related macular degeneration;blindness;cardiovascular disorders;computer aided diagnosis;diabetic retinopathy;digital retinal image;eye diseases;eye disorders;face recognition;fundus image analysis;glaucoma;laser treatment;ophthalmologic disorders;retinal fundus images;retinal image analysis;retinal vasculature changes;vision loss;Diabetes;Diseases;Hemorrhaging;Image analysis;Image edge detection;Retina;Retinopathy;Retinal fundus image;age related macular degradation and kirsch operators;glaucoma;hard exudates;soft exudates},
URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=6814696&isnumber=6814661
A. Dubra, "Searching for biomarkers of glaucoma using adaptive optics scanning ophthalmoscopy," 2014 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO) - Laser Science to Photonic Applications, San Jose, CA, 2014, pp. 1-1.
doi: 10.1364/CLEO_AT.2014.ATu1P.5
Abstract: This presentation will review the latest linear microscopy techniques applied to imaging the living retina, as well as the normal and pathological retinal structures that can now be visualized non-invasively. This presentation will review the latest linear microscopy techniques applied to imaging the living retina, as well as the normal and pathological retinal structures that can now be visualized non-invasively.
keywords: {biomedical optical imaging;eye;medical disorders;optical microscopy;adaptive optics scanning ophthalmoscopy;biomarkers;glaucoma;linear microscopy;living retina imaging;normal retinal structures;pathological retinal structures;Biomarkers;Microscopy;Optical microscopy;Pathology;Retina;Visualization},
URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=6988348&isnumber=6988061
S. Simonthomas, N. Thulasi and P. Asharaf, "Automated diagnosis of glaucoma using Haralick texture features," Information Communication and Embedded Systems (ICICES), 2014 International Conference on, Chennai, 2014, pp. 1-6.
doi: 10.1109/ICICES.2014.7033743
Abstract: Glaucoma is the second leading cause of blindness worldwide. It is a disease in which fluid pressure in the eye increases continuously, damaging the optic nerve and causing vision loss. Computational decision support systems for the early detection of glaucoma can help prevent this complication. The retinal optic nerve fibre layer can be assessed using optical coherence tomography, scanning laser polarimetry, and Heidelberg retina tomography scanning methods. In this paper, we present a novel method for glaucoma detection using an Haralick Texture Features from digital fundus images. K Nearest Neighbors (KNN) classifiers are used to perform supervised classification. Our results demonstrate that the Haralick Texture Features has Database and classification parts, in Database the image has been loaded and Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) and thirteen haralick features are combined to extract the image features, performs better than the other classifiers and correctly identifies the glaucoma images with an accuracy of more than 98%. The impact of training and testing is also studied to improve results. The software for this algorithm has been developed in MATLAB for Feature extraction and classification. Our proposed novel features are clinically significant and can be used to detect glaucoma accurately.
keywords: {diseases;feature extraction;image classification;image texture;matrix algebra;medical image processing;patient diagnosis;GLCM;Haralick texture features;K-nearest neighbors classifiers;KNN classifiers;digital fundus images;feature classification;glaucoma automated diagnosis;glaucoma detection;glaucoma images;gray level cooccurrence matrix;image database;image feature extraction;supervised classification;Adaptive optics;Biomedical optical imaging;Educational institutions;Feature extraction;Optical fibers;Spatial resolution;Feature Extraction;Glaucoma;Haralick Texture features;KNN Classifiers},
URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=7033743&isnumber=7033740
A. Belghith, M. Balasubramanian, C. Bowd, R. N. Weinreb and L. M. Zangwill, "Glaucoma progression detection using variational expectation maximization algorithm," 2013 IEEE 10th International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging, San Francisco, CA, 2013, pp. 876-879.
doi: 10.1109/ISBI.2013.6556615
Abstract: Glaucoma, the second leading cause of blindness worldwide, is an optic neuropthy characterized by distinctive changes in the optic nerve head (ONH) and visual field. In this context, the Heidelberg Retina Tomograph (HRT), a confocal scanning laser technology, has been commonly used to detect glaucoma and monitor its progression. In this paper, we present a new framework for detection of glaucomatour progression using the HRT images. In contrast to previous works that do not integrate a priori knowledge available on the images and particularly the spatial pixel dependency in the change detection map, we propose the use of the Markov Random Field to handle a such dependency. To our knowledge, the task of inferring the glaucomatous changes with a Variational Expectation Maximization VEM algorithm will be used for the first time in the glaucoma diagnosis framework. We then compared the diagnostic performance of the proposed framework to existing methods of progression detection.
keywords: {Markov processes;biomedical optical imaging;diseases;expectation-maximisation algorithm;eye;optical tomography;random processes;HRT image;Heidelberg retina tomograph;Markov random field;VEM algorithm;blindness;confocal scanning laser technology;glaucoma progression detection;optic nerve head;optic neuropthy;spatial pixel dependency;variational expectation maximization algorithm;visual field;Approximation methods;Change detection algorithms;Markov processes;Noise;Optical imaging;Optical sensors;Visualization;Glaucoma;Markov field;change detection;variational approximation},
URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=6556615&isnumber=6556393
S. L. Stänescu, B. Päväloiu, R. Tuduce and P. Dan Cristea, "Software and hardware optimisation for a laser surgical ophtalmic microscope," 2013 20th International Conference on Systems, Signals and Image Processing (IWSSIP), Bucharest, 2013, pp. 99-102.
doi: 10.1109/IWSSIP.2013.6623459
Abstract: The purpose of this work is to analyze and discuss the development of an advanced genuine laser module which can be mounted on commercial ophthalmic laser microscopes whose laser is damaged or it does not have one, on basis of a genuine approach of the optics, hardware and software. The software is designed in a visual programming tool for microcontrollers, which made the effort similar to the one necessary for code-write programming. Moreover, details the issues occurred during the design and achievement of this device, stating the advantages and disadvantages in comparison with other similar instruments are discussed. The system is used mainly in order to correct the posterior capsular opacification which may occur after cataract surgery, and for peripheral iridotomy in patients with acute angle-closure glaucoma.
keywords: {biomedical equipment;eye;medical computing;microcontrollers;optical microscopes;surgery;visual programming;acute angle-closure glaucoma;advanced genuine laser module;cataract surgery;code-write programming;commercial ophthalmic laser microscopes;hardware optimisation;laser surgical ophtalmic microscope;microcontrollers;optics;peripheral iridotomy;posterior capsular opacification;software optimisation;visual programming tool;Decision support systems;laser design;medical laser;surgical laser},
URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=6623459&isnumber=6623422
T. Maleki, G. Chitnis, J. Hyeong Park, L. B. Cantor and B. Ziaie, "Biodegradable Microfabricated Plug-Filters for Glaucoma Drainage Devices," in IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 59, no. 6, pp. 1507-1513, June 2012.
doi: 10.1109/TBME.2011.2179031
Abstract: We report on the development of a batch fabricated biodegradable truncated-cone-shaped plug filter to overcome the postoperative hypotony in nonvalved glaucoma drainage devices. Plug filters are composed of biodegradable polymers that disappear once wound healing and bleb formation has progressed past the stage where hypotony from overfiltration may cause complications in the human eye. The biodegradable nature of device eliminates the risks associated with permanent valves that may become blocked or influence the aqueous fluid flow rate in the long term. The plug-filter geometry simplifies its integration with commercial shunts. Aqueous humor outflow regulation is achieved by controlling the diameter of a laser-drilled through-hole. The batch compatible fabrication involves a modified SU-8 molding to achieve truncated-cone-shaped pillars, polydimethylsiloxane micromolding, and hot embossing of biodegradable polymers. The developed plug filter is 500 μm long with base and apex plane diameters of 500 and 300 μm, respectively, and incorporates a laser-drilled through-hole with 44-μm effective diameter in the center.
keywords: {biodegradable materials;biological fluid dynamics;biomedical materials;diseases;eye;laser materials processing;patient care;polymers;aqueous humor outflow regulation;biodegradable microfabricated plug filters;biodegradable polymer;hot embossing;nonvalved glaucoma drainage device;plug filter geometry;polydimethylsiloxane micromolding;postoperative hypotony;truncated-cone-shaped plug filter;Educational institutions;Electron tubes;Glass;Lasers;Optical filters;Plastics;USA Councils;Biodegradable plug-filter;glaucoma drainage device (GDD);hot embossing;laser drilling;micromolding;Absorbable Implants;Equipment Failure Analysis;Filtration;Glaucoma Drainage Implants;Miniaturization;Prosthesis Design},
URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=6107566&isnumber=6200413
U. R. Acharya, S. Dua, X. Du, V. Sree S and C. K. Chua, "Automated Diagnosis of Glaucoma Using Texture and Higher Order Spectra Features," in IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 449-455, May 2011.
doi: 10.1109/TITB.2011.2119322
Abstract: Glaucoma is the second leading cause of blindness worldwide. It is a disease in which fluid pressure in the eye increases continuously, damaging the optic nerve and causing vision loss. Computational decision support systems for the early detection of glaucoma can help prevent this complication. The retinal optic nerve fiber layer can be assessed using optical coherence tomography, scanning laser polarimetry, and Heidelberg retina tomography scanning methods. In this paper, we present a novel method for glaucoma detection using a combination of texture and higher order spectra (HOS) features from digital fundus images. Support vector machine, sequential minimal optimization, naive Bayesian, and random-forest classifiers are used to perform supervised classification. Our results demonstrate that the texture and HOS features after z-score normalization and feature selection, and when combined with a random-forest classifier, performs better than the other classifiers and correctly identifies the glaucoma images with an accuracy of more than 91%. The impact of feature ranking and normalization is also studied to improve results. Our proposed novel features are clinically significant and can be used to detect glaucoma accurately.
keywords: {decision support systems;diseases;eye;image classification;medical image processing;optical tomography;support vector machines;vision defects;Heidelberg retina tomography scanning;automated diagnosis;blindness;computational decision support system;digital fundus image;disease;fluid pressure;glaucoma;higher order spectra feature;naive Bayesian;optic nerve;optical coherence tomography;random-forest classifier;scanning laser polarimetry;sequential minimal optimization;supervised classification;support vector machine;texture;vision loss;Artificial neural networks;Classification algorithms;Entropy;Feature extraction;Optical fibers;Optical imaging;Classifier;glaucoma;higher order spectra (HOS);texture;Adult;Aged;Algorithms;Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted;Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological;Fundus Oculi;Glaucoma;Humans;Image Processing, Computer-Assisted;Middle Aged;ROC Curve},
URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=5720314&isnumber=5762424
Kyoung Hwan Kim, Woong-ki Jang, Byeong Hee Kim and Young Ho Seo, "Intraocular pressure measurement devices using the micro reflected air pressure sensor for the pre-diagnosis of the glaucoma," Nanotechnology (IEEE-NANO), 2010 10th IEEE Conference on, Seoul, 2010, pp. 907-910.
doi: 10.1109/NANO.2010.5697993
Abstract: This work suggested the novel portable tonometer using the micro reflected air pressure sensor for the pre-diagnosis of glaucoma. Because of glaucoma is slowly progressed and not painful, glaucoma patients require a portable pre-diagnosis system which periodically measures the intraocular pressure (IOP) at home. Conventionally IOP was measured by air-puff tonometer where cornea was deformed by short pulse of air pressure and magnitude of the corneal deformation was measured by optic systems such as combination of laser- and photo-diodes. In this work, the micro reflected air pressure sensor was designed, fabricated and tested in order to measure magnitude of the corneal deformation without optic systems. In experimental study, the artificial eyes which had different internal pressures were fabricated, and the internal pressures were measured by the suggested systems.
keywords: {eye;medical signal processing;pressure measurement;pressure sensors;glaucoma;intraocular pressure measurement devices;micro reflected air pressure sensor;portable tonometer;pre-diagnosis},
URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=5697993&isnumber=5697724
A. V. Luce, E. T. Enikov and B. J. Nelson, "Design of automated digital eye palpation exam for intraocular pressure measurement," Complex Medical Engineering, 2009. CME. ICME International Conference on, Tempe, AZ, 2009, pp. 1-5.
doi: 10.1109/ICCME.2009.4906663
Abstract: Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is a major risk factor for the degenerative eye disease glaucoma. Accurate indirect measurements of IOP are essential for glaucoma diagnosis and screening. This work presents an experiment developed to measure IOP in-vitro by simulating the technique of digital palpitation tonometry, a technique in which a trained examiner palpates the eyeball using the fingertips of both index fingers to ldquofeelrdquo the stiffness of the eye. The qualitative nature of this method and errors introduced by the subjectivity of the examiner mean that it is rarely used in comparison with other modern-day tonometry methods. However, this technique offers several potential advantages in that it can be performed outside of a clinical setting without the need for instrument sterilization or local anesthesia and may be less subject to measurement errors occurring in patients who have undergone refractive laser eye surgery. In order to quantify the mechanics of digital palpation tonometry, an automated experiment to measure the intraocular pressure of enucleated porcine eyeballs using mechanized digital palpation was designed and tested. This experiment has direct applications towards the development of a next-generation tonometer for glaucoma treatment.
keywords: {biomechanics;diseases;eye;patient diagnosis;automated digital eye palpation exam;degenerative eye disease;digital palpation tonometry;enucleated porcine eyeballs;glaucoma;instrument sterilization;intraocular pressure;local anesthesia;refractive laser eye surgery;Anesthesia;Degenerative diseases;Fingers;In vitro;Laser modes;Measurement errors;Optical refraction;Performance evaluation;Pressure measurement;Surgical instruments},
URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=4906663&isnumber=4906571
M. Tanter, D. Touboul, J. L. Gennisson, J. Bercoff and M. Fink, "High-Resolution Quantitative Imaging of Cornea Elasticity Using Supersonic Shear Imaging," in IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, vol. 28, no. 12, pp. 1881-1893, Dec. 2009.
doi: 10.1109/TMI.2009.2021471
Abstract: The noninvasive estimation of in vivo mechanical properties of cornea is envisioned to find several applications in ophthalmology. Such high-resolution measurements of local cornea stiffness could lead to a better anticipation and understanding of corneal pathologies such as Keratoconus. It could also provide a quantitative evaluation of corneal biomechanical response after corneal refractive surgeries and a tool for evaluating the efficacy of new cornea treatments such as cornea transplant using femtosecond laser or therapy based on Riboflavin/UltraViolet-A Corneal Cross Linking (UVA CXL). In the very important issue of glaucoma diagnosis and management, the fine tuning corneal elasticity measurement could also succeed to strongly correlate the applanation tonometry with the "true" intra-ocular pressure (IOP). This initial investigation evaluates the ability of ultrafast and high-resolution ultrasonic systems to provide a real-time and quantitative mapping of corneal viscoelasticity. Quantitative elasticity maps were acquired ex vivo on porcine cornea using the supersonic shear imaging (SSI) technique. A conventional 15 MHz linear probe was used to perform conventional ultrasonic imaging of the cornea. A dedicated ultrasonic sequence combines the generation of a remote palpation in the cornea and ultrafast (20 000 frames/s) ultrasonic imaging of the resulting corneal displacements that evolve into a shear wave propagation whose local speed was directly linked to local elasticity. A quantitative high-resolution map (150 mum resolution) of local corneal elasticity can be provided by this dedicated sequence of ultrasonic insonifications. Quantitative maps of corneal elasticity were obtained on ex vivo freshly enucleated porcine corneas. In the cornea, a quite homogenous stiffness map was found with a 190 kPa +/ - 32 kPa mean elasticity. The influence of photodynamic Riboflavin/UVA induced CXL was measured. A significant Young's modulus increase was obtained with a m- an 890 kPa + / - 250 kPa posttreatment Young's modulus (460% increase), located in the anterior part of the cornea. Simulations based on 3-D time domain finite differences simulation were also performed and found to be in good agreement with ex vivo experiments. The SSI technique can perform real-time, noninvasive, high-resolution, and quantitative maps of the whole corneal elasticity. This technique could be real time and straightforward adapted for a very wide field of in vivo investigations.
keywords: {Young's modulus;biomechanics;biomedical ultrasonics;elasticity;eye;finite difference time-domain analysis;image sequences;medical image processing;photodynamic therapy;surgery;viscoelasticity;3-D time domain finite difference simulation;Keratoconus;Riboflavin-ultraviolet-A corneal cross linking;Young's modulus;applanation tonometry;cornea elasticity;cornea transplant;cornea treatments;corneal biomechanical response;corneal displacements;corneal pathology;corneal refractive surgery;corneal viscoelasticity;ex vivo freshly enucleation;femtosecond laser;frequency 15 MHz;glaucoma diagnosis;high-resolution ultrasonic system;intraocular pressure;noninvasive estimation;ophthalmology application;photodynamic therapy;porcine cornea;remote palpation;shear wave propagation;size 150 mum;supersonic shear imaging;ultrafast ultrasonic imaging;ultrafast ultrasonic system;ultrasonic insonification sequence;ultrasonic sequence;Cornea;Elasticity;High-resolution imaging;In vivo;Laser tuning;Mechanical factors;Optical refraction;Pathology;Ultrasonic imaging;Ultrasonic variables measurement;Biomechanics;cornea;elastography;stiffness;ultrasound;Algorithms;Animals;Cornea;Elastic Modulus;Elasticity Imaging Techniques;Image Enhancement;Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted;Ophthalmoscopy;Reproducibility of Results;Sensitivity and Specificity;Shear Strength;Swine},
URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=4909039&isnumber=5331296
K. Singh, C. Dion, S. Costantino, M. Wajszilber, M. R. Lesk and T. Ozaki, "In-vivo measurement of the retinal movements using Fourier domain low coherence interferometry," 2009 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics and 2009 Conference on Quantum electronics and Laser Science Conference, Baltimore, MD, 2009, pp. 1-2.
Abstract: We describe a new instrument developed for the study and diagnosis of glaucoma. This device is based on Fourier domain low coherence interferometry for in vivo measurement of the retinal movements, to assess in real-time the biomechanical properties of the eye. By measuring the displacement of the retina in a live rat, we show that the instrument has a spatial resolution of 200 nm at 200 Hz sampling rate. We found that the amplitude of the retinal movement due to cardiac pulsation is 15 mum. The system has the potential to become a useful clinical tool for evaluating the biomechanical properties of the eye.
keywords: {Fourier transform optics;bio-optics;biomechanics;biomedical measurement;cardiology;diseases;eye;light interferometry;Fourier domain low coherence interferometry;biomechanics;cardiac pulsation;frequency 200 Hz;glaucoma diagnosis;in-vivo measurement;real-time assessment;retinal displacement;retinal movement;Biomedical optical imaging;Displacement measurement;In vivo;Instruments;Lenses;Mirrors;Optical devices;Optical interferometry;Optical signal processing;Retina;(170.4460) Ophthalmic optics and devices;(170.4500) Optical coherence tomography},
URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=5225750&isnumber=5224262
H. Zhu, D. P. Crabb and D. F. Garway-Heath, "A Bayesian Radial Basis Function Model to Link Retinal Structure and Visual Function in Glaucoma," 2009 3rd International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering, Beijing, 2009, pp. 1-4.
doi: 10.1109/ICBBE.2009.5162147
Abstract: Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness and requires precise measures for early detection and follow-up. However, individual clinical measures in glaucoma are highly variable. It is anticipated that this variability can be reduced by combining the independent measurements that test various aspects of the glaucomatous damage. This study proposes a mathematical framework to link retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) structure and visual function using the data typically acquired in the clinical management of glaucoma. The model performed and generalized well over different populations from three clinical centres. The derived structure-function relationship accorded well with RNFL anatomy, and could be applied to reduce the variability that confounds the measurement of glaucoma damage.
keywords: {Bayes methods;biomedical measurement;eye;vision defects;Bayesian radial basis function model;glaucoma damage;irreversible blindness;retinal nerve fibre layer structure;visual function;Bayesian methods;Biomedical measurements;Blindness;Fiber lasers;Fiber nonlinear optics;Nerve fibers;Nonlinear optics;Optical imaging;Retina;Testing},
URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=5162147&isnumber=5162128
F. Fink et al., "ICA analysis of retina images for glaucoma classification," 2008 30th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Vancouver, BC, 2008, pp. 4664-4667.
doi: 10.1109/IEMBS.2008.4650253
Abstract: Glaucoma represent one of the most frequent causes of partial loss of the visual field. It comes along with an ongoing destruction of the optic nerve caused by an increased pressure of the eye liquid. The disease becomes obvious from investigations of the retina with scanning laser microscopes. In this report an image analysis and classification system based on independent component analysis and k-nearest-neighbor classification is proposed. The method is tested with 120 selected retina images collected with the Heidelberg Retina Tomograph and achieves a classification rate of 91%.
keywords: {Biomedical engineering;Data analysis;Data engineering;Diseases;Image analysis;Independent component analysis;Optical filters;Optical losses;Retina;Wavelet analysis;Algorithms;Databases, Factual;Glaucoma;Humans;Image Processing, Computer-Assisted;Lasers;Microscopy;Registries;Reproducibility of Results;Retina;Tomography},
URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=4650253&isnumber=4649055
M. R. Buyong, N. A. Aziz and B. Y. Majlis, "Fabrication of thin layer membrane using CMOS process for very low pressure sensor applications," Semiconductor Electronics, 2008. ICSE 2008. IEEE International Conference on, Johor Bahru, 2008, pp. 363-369.
doi: 10.1109/SMELEC.2008.4770342
Abstract: A very low pressure sensor has been proposed to be used in the eye for glaucoma treatment with pressure ranging from 10 mmHg to 75 mmHg. This paper presents process development of thin layer membrane for very low pressure sensor application. The structure of the membrane consists of parallel plate which both top and bottom electrodes were fixed at both sides. Utilizing CMOS compatible process, fabrication of the thin layer membrane involved in three stages; i) hole opening etch, ii) sacrificial intermediate oxide release etch and iii) closing of etch holes. Our work focuses on the characterization of holes opening etch size for the intermediate oxide release. Another study was carried out to understand the behavior of sealing off the hole openings etch. This study involved different deposition technique such as LPCVD, PECVD and combination both of them. The findings from these experiments are presented in this paper.
keywords: {CMOS integrated circuits;biomedical equipment;biomedical measurement;diseases;etching;eye;laser deposition;membranes;patient treatment;plasma CVD;pressure sensors;CMOS compatible process;LPCVD deposition technique;PECVD;electrodes;eye;glaucoma treatment;hole opening etch;parallel plate;pressure 10 mm Hg to 75 mm Hg;sacrificial intermediate oxide release etch;thin layer membrane fabrication;very low pressure sensor application;Biomembranes;CMOS process;Capacitive sensors;Electrodes;Etching;Fabrication;Humans;Intracranial pressure sensors;Micromachining;Optical sensors},
URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=4770342&isnumber=4770249
T. Nakagawa et al., "Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Optic Nerve Head from Stereo Fundus Images and Its Quantitative Estimation," 2007 29th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Lyon, 2007, pp. 6747-6750.
doi: 10.1109/IEMBS.2007.4353910
Abstract: It is important for diagnosis of glaucoma to grasp 3-D structure of an optic nerve head (ONH). The quantitative 3-D reconstruction of the ONH is required for the diagnosis. We propose a technique to obtain the depth value from stereo image pair of a retinal fundus for the 3-D reconstruction of the ONH. Our technique mainly consists of four steps: (1) cutout of the ONH region from the fundus images, (2) registration of the stereo pair, (3) disparity detection, and (4) depth calculation. For quantitative estimation of the depth value measured by using this method, the depth value was compared with the measurement results determined from the Heidelberg Retina Tomograph (HRT), which is a confocal laser-scanning microscope. As a result, the depth value of the ONH obtained using the stereo retinal image pair was in accordance with that obtained using the HRT (r=0.91). These results indicate that the stereo fundus images could be useful for assessing the depth value of the ONH for the diagnosis of glaucoma.
keywords: {biomedical optical imaging;diseases;eye;image reconstruction;image registration;laser applications in medicine;medical image processing;neurophysiology;optical microscopy;optical scanners;stereo image processing;vision defects;Heidelberg retina tomograph;confocal laser-scanning microscope;depth calculation;disparity detection;glaucoma diagnosis;optic nerve head;quantitative 3-D reconstruction;stereo fundus image;stereo pair registration;Blood vessels;Cameras;Head;Image analysis;Image reconstruction;Microscopy;Pixel;Retina;Stereo image processing;Three dimensional displays;Fundus Oculi;Glaucoma;Humans;Image Processing, Computer-Assisted;Optic Disk},
URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=4353910&isnumber=4352185
P. Dubois, J. Zemmouri, J. F. Rouland, P. P. Elena, R. Lopes and P. Puech, "A New Method for Intra Ocular Pressure in vivo Measurement: First Clinical Trials," 2007 29th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Lyon, 2007, pp. 5762-5765.
doi: 10.1109/IEMBS.2007.4353656
Abstract: Glaucoma is an ocular disease clinically manifested by an abnormal rise of the Intra Ocular Pressure (IOP) that causes lesions of the optic nerve and can lead to blindness. Ophthalmologists currently use aplanation tonometers whose utilization induces multiple constraints. We propose an investigative method being at one and the same time atraumatic and ambulatory. This original device, taking profit of a physical relation between frequency of mechanical vibration of the ocular globe and IOP, involves vibrometry by laser interferometry and spectral analysis of a mechanical impulse using a temporal micro hammer. The laser energy delivered to the eye by the device was confirmed to be safe and in full agreement with the authorized security norms. After preliminary in vitro experiments performed using enucleated animal eyes, we made a clinical study on 25 volunteers to evaluate the innocuity and the reliability of this device and to quantify the reproducibility of measurements. All patients declared that discomfort is comparable with that felt during similar tests. Reliability is good and the intra individual reproducibility reveals a high value (Rges 0.93). These works will be carried on to check the correlation between the variation of measured values (resonance frequency of the eye-ball) and the variation of reference (IOP) values.
keywords: {biological fluid dynamics;eye;laser applications in medicine;patient diagnosis;vibrations;blindness;eyeball resonance;glaucoma;intraocular pressure;laser interferometry;mechanical impulse;mechanical vibration;ocular disease;ocular globe;optic nerve;spectral analysis;Blindness;Clinical trials;Diseases;Frequency;In vivo;Laser theory;Lesions;Optical interferometry;Pressure measurement;Reproducibility of results;Adult;Clinical Trials as Topic;Equipment Design;Equipment Failure Analysis;Female;Humans;Interferometry;Intraocular Pressure;Lasers;Male;Pilot Projects;Reproducibility of Results;Research Design;Sensitivity and Specificity;Tonometry, Ocular},
URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=4353656&isnumber=4352185
E. S. Hui, Q. l. Fu, K. f. So and E. X. Wu, "Diffusion Tensor MR Study of Optic Nerve Degeneration in Glaucoma," 2007 29th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Lyon, 2007, pp. 4312-4315.
doi: 10.1109/IEMBS.2007.4353290
Abstract: Axonal degeneration has been known to occur in the optic nerve (ON) of rat glaucoma model. Recently, quantitative diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) has been developed to investigate various white matter diseases in vivo. In this study, longitudinal DTI was thus employed to study such animal model in the present study. The results showed that radial diffusivity (lambdaperp) and fractional anisotropy (FA) of the glaucomatous ON (gON) was increasing and decreasing respectively with time after glaucoma induction, whereas there was no significant change in the axial diffusivity (lambda//). Supported by the histological staining of the ON, such changes in the two DTI-derived parameters were attributed to the 10% decrease in the axonal density of the gON as compared to nON. It was shown for the first time that DTI can be sensitive enough to detect axonal degeneration in rat glaucoma model. DTI therefore holds promise for reliable diagnoses and assessment of the glaucoma disease in human upon careful interpretation of the DTI-derived directional diffusivities.
keywords: {biodiffusion;biomedical MRI;diseases;eye;neurophysiology;axonal degeneration;diffusion tensor MR;diffusion tensor imaging;fractional anisotropy;glaucoma;optic nerve degeneration;radial diffusivity;Animals;Biological system modeling;Biomedical optical imaging;Degenerative diseases;Diffusion tensor imaging;Laser modes;Optical sensors;Pathology;Structural discs;Tensile stress;DTI;Diffusivity;Glaucoma;Neurodegeneration;Animals;Axons;Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging;Disease Models, Animal;Female;Glaucoma;Humans;Nerve Degeneration;Optic Nerve Diseases;Rats;Rats, Sprague-Dawley},
URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=4353290&isnumber=4352185
K. A. Vermeer et al., "Modeling of scanning laser polarimetry images of the human retina for progression detection of glaucoma," in IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 517-528, May 2006.
doi: 10.1109/TMI.2006.871433
Abstract: The development of methods to detect slowly progressing diseases is often hampered by the time-consuming acquisition of a sufficiently large data set. In this paper, a method is presented to model the change in images acquired by scanning laser polarimetry, for the detection of glaucomatous progression. The model is based on image series of 23 healthy eyes and incorporates colored noise, incomplete cornea compensation and masking by the retinal blood vessels. Additionally, two methods for detecting progression, taking either one or two follow-up visits into account, are discussed and tested on these simulated images. Both methods are based on Student's t-tests, morphological operations and anisotropic filtering. The images simulated by the model are visually pleasing, show corresponding statistical properties to the real images and are used to optimize the detection methods. The results show that detecting progression based on two follow-up visits greatly improves the sensitivity without adversely affecting the specificity.
keywords: {biomedical optical imaging;blood vessels;diseases;eye;laser applications in medicine;medical image processing;polarimetry;statistical analysis;anisotropic filtering;colored noise;eye;glaucoma;glaucomatous progression detection;human retina;incomplete cornea compensation;morphological operations;retinal blood vessel masking;scanning laser polarimetry images;student t-test;Colored noise;Cornea;Diseases;Eyes;Humans;Laser modes;Laser noise;Laser transitions;Polarimetry;Retina;Biomedical image processing;image reconstruction;medical diagnosis;modeling spectral analysis;morphological operations;polarimetry;simulation;Algorithms;Artificial Intelligence;Computer Simulation;Disease Progression;Glaucoma;Humans;Image Enhancement;Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted;Information Storage and Retrieval;Microscopy, Confocal;Models, Biological;Pattern Recognition, Automated;Refractometry;Reproducibility of Results;Retina;Sensitivity and Specificity;Severity of Illness Index},
URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=1626316&isnumber=34139
X. Yang, P. Morrow and B. Scotney, "Optic Nerve Head Segmentation in HRT Images," 2006 International Conference on Image Processing, Atlanta, GA, 2006, pp. 65-68.
doi: 10.1109/ICIP.2006.312358
Abstract: Accurate segmentation of the optic nerve head (or optic disk) is very useful during the analysis and assessment of glaucoma in the eye. The Heidelberg retinal tomograph (HRT) can acquire high quality images of the optic disk and also allows three dimensional topographic measurements to be made. However, there are significant problems in optic disk segmentation due to having to deal with issues such as distractors along blood vessel edges; the extent of pallor in the optic disk or the very variable appearance of the optic nerve head itself. We propose a multi-scale region and boundary hybrid snake method to extract the optic disk. This model takes account of the vessel edge gradient direction and tries to avoid its force influence when evolving the snake. Experimental results are assessed using an overlap ratio.
keywords: {biomedical optical imaging;blood vessels;boundary-elements methods;diseases;edge detection;endoscopes;eye;feature extraction;image segmentation;laser applications in medicine;medical image processing;splines (mathematics);B-spline model;Heidelberg retinal tomograph;blood vessel edge gradient direction;boundary hybrid snake method;confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy;glaucoma assessment;image quality;multiscale region;optic disk extraction;optic nerve head segmentation;three-dimensional topographic measurements;Biomedical imaging;Biomedical optical imaging;Blood vessels;Head;Image segmentation;Optical filters;Pixel;Reflectivity;Retina;Surfaces;Biomedical imaging;Image segmentation},
URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=4106467&isnumber=4106440
L. Kubecka, J. Jan, R. Kolar and R. Jirik, "Elastic Registration for Auto-fluorescence Image Averaging," Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 2006. EMBS '06. 28th Annual International Conference of the IEEE, New York, NY, 2006, pp. 1948-1951.
doi: 10.1109/IEMBS.2006.260111
Abstract: The paper describes restitution of geometrical distortions and improvement of signal-to-noise ratio of auto-fluorescence retinal images, finally aimed at segmentation and area estimation of the lipofuscin spots as one of the features to be included in glaucoma diagnosis. The main problems - geometrical and illumination incompatibility of frames in the image sequence and a non-negligible "shear" distortion in the individual frames - have been solved by the presented registration procedure. The concept and some details of the MI-based regularized registration, together with evaluation of test results form the core of the contribution
keywords: {diseases;eye;image registration;image segmentation;image sequences;medical image processing;MI-based regularized registration;auto-fluorescence image averaging;auto-fluorescence retinal images;elastic registration;geometrical distortions;glaucoma diagnosis;image segmentation;image sequence;lipofuscin spot area estimation;nonnegligible shear distortion;signal-to-noise ratio improvement;Biomedical measurements;Cities and towns;Design optimization;Image registration;Image sequences;Laser modes;Lighting;Pixel;Retina;Signal to noise ratio},
URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=4462162&isnumber=4461641
J. Yu, S. S. R. Abidi and P. H. Artes, "A hybrid feature selection strategy for image defining features: towards interpretation of optic nerve images," 2005 International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics, Guangzhou, China, 2005, pp. 5127-5132 Vol. 8.
doi: 10.1109/ICMLC.2005.1527847
Abstract: Modern imaging techniques such as confocal scanning laser tomography (CSLT) capture high-quality optic nerve images. The automated analysis of CSLT images, by combining image processing and data mining methods, offers the potential for developing objective methods for supporting clinical decision-making in glaucoma. We present our approach that involves the analysis of CSLT images using moment methods to derive abstract image defining features, and then the use of these features to train classifiers for automatically distinguishing CSLT images of healthy and diseased optic nerves. As a first step, in this paper, we present investigations in feature subset selection methods for reducing the relatively large input space produced by the moment methods. Our results demonstrate that our methods can discriminate between healthy and glaucomatous optic nerves based on shape information automatically derived from CSLT tomography images.
keywords: {Zernike polynomials;computerised tomography;data mining;decision making;feature extraction;learning (artificial intelligence);medical image processing;method of moments;neurophysiology;Markov blanket;Zernike moment method;classifier training;clinical decision-making;confocal scanning laser tomography;data mining;feature subset selection method;glaucoma;image defining feature;image processing;optic nerve image;Confocal Scanning Laser Tomography;Feature Selection;Markov Blanket;Optic Nerve Images;Zernike Moments},
URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=1527847&isnumber=32630
J. Yu, S. S. R. Abidi, P. H. Artes, A. McIntyre and M. Heywood, "Automated optic nerve analysis for diagnostic support in glaucoma," 18th IEEE Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems (CBMS'05), 2005, pp. 97-102.
doi: 10.1109/CBMS.2005.36
Abstract: The availability of modern imaging techniques such as confocal scanning laser tomography (CSLT) for capturing high-quality optic nerve images offer the potential for developing automatic and objective methods for supporting clinical decision-making in glaucoma. We present a hybrid approach that features the analysis of CSLT images using moment methods to derive abstract image defining features, and the use of these features to train classifiers for automatically distinguishing CSLT images of healthy and diseased optic nerves. As a first step, in this paper, we present investigations in feature subset selection methods for reducing the relatively large input space produced by the moment methods. Our results demonstrate that our methods discriminate between healthy and glaucomatous optic nerves based on shape information automatically derived from CSLT tomography images.
keywords: {biomedical optical imaging;decision support systems;diseases;laser applications in medicine;learning (artificial intelligence);medical expert systems;medical image processing;neurophysiology;automated optic nerve analysis;classifier training;clinical decision-making support system;confocal scanning laser tomographic image analysis;diagnostic support;feature subset selection method;glaucoma;high-quality optic nerve images;hybrid approach;image defining feature;moment methods;shape information;Biomedical optical imaging;Image analysis;Laser modes;Moment methods;Optical filters;Optical imaging;Shape;Support vector machine classification;Support vector machines;Tomography},
URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=1467674&isnumber=31475
E. Meng, P. J. Chen, D. Rodger, Y. C. Tai and M. Humayun, "Implantable parylene MEMS for glaucoma therapy," 2005 3rd IEEE/EMBS Special Topic Conference on Microtechnology in Medicine and Biology, 2005, pp. 116-119.
doi: 10.1109/MMB.2005.1548399
Abstract: An implantable glaucoma management system is presented for the first time. Glaucoma is an incurable disease characterized by gradual visual field loss that eventually results in blindness. Studies indicate that reduction of intraocular pressure reduces the rate of disease progress. A passive parylene MEMS pressure sensor and drainage shunt comprise a complete system for the detection and alleviation of elevated intraocular pressure. Tissue anchors for securing the pressure sensor to the iris have been developed to facilitate direct and convenient optical monitoring of intraocular pressure.
keywords: {biological tissues;diseases;eye;microsensors;patient treatment;pressure sensors;prosthetics;vision defects;alleviation;blindness;disease;elevated intraocular pressure;glaucoma drainage device;glaucoma therapy;implantable glaucoma management system;implantable parylene MEMS;intraocular pressure sensor;iris;optical monitoring;tissue anchor;visual field loss;Biomedical optical imaging;Diseases;Implants;Laser surgery;Medical treatment;Micromechanical devices;Optical sensors;Sensor phenomena and characterization;Sensor systems;Technology management;Glaucoma;glaucoma drainage devices;intraocular pressure sensor;parylene;tissue anchors},
URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=1548399&isnumber=33017
L. Kubecka and J. Jan, "Registration of bimodal retinal images - improving modifications," Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 2004. IEMBS '04. 26th Annual International Conference of the IEEE, San Francisco, CA, 2004, pp. 1695-1698.
doi: 10.1109/IEMBS.2004.1403510
Abstract: The proper optical disc segmentation in images provided by confocal laser scanning ophthalmoscope and by color fundus-camera is a necessary step in early glaucoma or arteriosclerosis detection. Fusing information from both modalities into a vector-valued image is expected to improve the segmentation reliability. The paper describes a registration of these images using optimization based on mutual information criterion function extended with gradient-image mutual information. The controlled random search (CRS) has been found to be a more robust optimization routine than the simulated annealing (SA) while tested on a set of 174 image pairs. Finally, the multi-resolution algorithm for bimodal retinal image registration achieving the success-rate of 94% is proposed.
keywords: {biomedical optical imaging;eye;image registration;image resolution;image segmentation;laser applications in medicine;medical image processing;optimisation;arteriosclerosis detection;bimodal retinal image registration;color fundus-camera;confocal laser scanning ophthalmoscope;controlled random search;early glaucoma detection;gradient-image mutual information;multiresolution algorithm;optical disc segmentation;optimization;simulated annealing;vector-valued image;Computational modeling;Entropy;Geometrical optics;Image processing;Image segmentation;Kernel;Mutual information;Retina;Robustness;Simulated annealing;controlled random search;image registration;mutual information;ophthalmologic image processing;optimization;retina;simplex;simulated annealing},
URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=1403510&isnumber=30462
A. R. McIntyre, M. I. Heywood, P. H. Artes and S. S. R. Abidi, "Toward glaucoma classification with moment methods," Computer and Robot Vision, 2004. Proceedings. First Canadian Conference on, London, ON, Canada, 2004, pp. 265-272.
doi: 10.1109/CCCRV.2004.1301454
Abstract: This paper presents a series of experiments testing the feasibility of employing image-processing techniques for the feature extraction stage in the implementation of a basic optic nerve image classifier. Such a scheme completely removes the need for manually identifying the edge of the optic nerve. In this work, Zernike moments are extracted from Confocal Scanning Laser Tomography images of optic discs for the purposes of classifying the disc as healthy or damaged using a linear discriminant function derived from a linear perceptron. Our preliminary results, when compared with the performance of conventional feature sets, demonstrate the appropriateness of this approach.
keywords: {Biomedical imaging;Biomedical optical imaging;Data mining;Feature extraction;Medical diagnostic imaging;Moment methods;Optical sensors;Reflectivity;Surfaces;Testing},
URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=1301454&isnumber=28918
J. H. Shaver, J. H. Shen and A. L. Walker, "A low-cost optical pachymeter for the diagnosis of glaucoma and ocular hypertension," Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 2004. IEMBS '04. 26th Annual International Conference of the IEEE, San Francisco, CA, 2004, pp. 2330-2333.
doi: 10.1109/IEMBS.2004.1403676
Abstract: Glaucoma and ocular hypertension are major causes of vision loss worldwide. Recent clinical studies have highlighted the importance of central corneal thickness in diagnosing these disorders. However, current instrumental methods of measuring corneal thickness are not ideal for widespread clinical deployment. Here we compare the existing state of the art in corneal pachymetry with a novel, simple optical technique that will allow for the use of corneal pachymetry as a diagnostic tool in a non-research clinical setting.
keywords: {bio-optics;diseases;eye;laser applications in medicine;patient diagnosis;vision defects;central corneal thickness;diagnostic tool;glaucoma;low-cost optical pachymeter;ocular hypertension;simple optical technique;vision loss;Cornea;Costs;Current measurement;Diseases;Hypertension;Instruments;Pressure measurement;Thickness measurement;Ultrasonic imaging;Ultrasonic variables measurement},
URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=1403676&isnumber=30462
R. Kolar, "Surface reconstruction from retinal laser images," Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 2004. IEMBS '04. 26th Annual International Conference of the IEEE, San Francisco, CA, 2004, pp. 1233-1236.
doi: 10.1109/IEMBS.2004.1403392
Abstract: The aim of This work is to describe techniques that lead to surface extraction of the retinal structure. Based on the tomographic data from the confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope (CSLO) we perform some necessary preprocessing steps to correct the nonuniform illumination and to suppress the noise. Then we extract the surface and perform some postprocessing operations before visualization. First results of ongoing research are presented and also the suggestions for future research are proposed.
keywords: {biomedical equipment;biomedical optical imaging;diseases;eye;image denoising;image reconstruction;laser applications in medicine;medical image processing;optical tomography;confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope;nonuniform illumination;postprocessing operation;retinal laser images;surface extraction;surface reconstruction;tomography;visualization;Discrete wavelet transforms;Eyes;Head;Image reconstruction;Laser beams;Lighting;Noise level;Retina;Surface emitting lasers;Surface reconstruction;Ophthalmoscopy;glaucoma;image denoising;surface reconstruction},
URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=1403392&isnumber=30462
M. Skokan, A. Skoupy and J. Jan, "Registration of multimodal images of retina," Engineering in Medicine and Biology, 2002. 24th Annual Conference and the Annual Fall Meeting of the Biomedical Engineering Society EMBS/BMES Conference, 2002. Proceedings of the Second Joint, 2002, pp. 1094-1096 vol.2.
doi: 10.1109/IEMBS.2002.1106294
Abstract: Registration of retinal images provided by different modalities is required to facilitate diagnosis of the optic nerve head and retina. For reliable automatic segmentation of the optic disk, it seems essential to join the image data produced by the Heidelberg Retina Tomograph (HRT) and the standard colour photograph. The proposed method is based on registering both (very different) images using mutual information as the coincidence measure.
keywords: {biomedical optical imaging;eye;image registration;image segmentation;laser applications in medicine;medical image processing;photographic applications;3D data block;Heidelberg retina tomograph;affine transform;coincidence measure;focus planes;glaucoma progression measurement;greyscale image slices;monochrome red laser light;multimodal images;mutual information;optic disk;optic nerve head;reliable automatic segmentation;retinal confocal laser scanning system;standard colour photograph;voxel intensities sum;Biomedical engineering;Biomedical optical imaging;Geometry;Head;Image converters;Image segmentation;Mutual information;Optical distortion;Optical imaging;Retina},
URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=1106294&isnumber=24325
Jong-Min Park, J. Reed and Qienyuan Zhou, "Active feature selection in optic nerve data using support vector machine," Neural Networks, 2002. IJCNN '02. Proceedings of the 2002 International Joint Conference on, Honolulu, HI, 2002, pp. 1178-1182.
doi: 10.1109/IJCNN.2002.1007661
Abstract: Describes a data mining framework that aids in the process of finding an optimal set of features and its application into classification and detection of glaucoma from optic nerve data. The selection and evaluation of features were done using support vector machines. The search space for feature selection were reduced using an active feature sampling algorithm
keywords: {data mining;eye;feature extraction;laser applications in medicine;learning (artificial intelligence);learning automata;medical image processing;patient diagnosis;active feature selection;active learning;data mining;glaucoma classification;glaucoma detection;image processing;optic nerve data;support vector machine;Data mining;Diseases;Feature extraction;Hardware;Machine learning;Optical sensors;Pattern analysis;Pattern classification;Support vector machine classification;Support vector machines},
URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=1007661&isnumber=21694
P. L. Rosin, D. Marshall and J. E. Morgan, "Multimodal retinal imaging: new strategies for the detection of glaucoma," Image Processing. 2002. Proceedings. 2002 International Conference on, 2002, pp. III-137-III-140 vol.3.
doi: 10.1109/ICIP.2002.1038923
Abstract: Glaucoma is a serious worldwide disease whose treatment can be improved by early detection. As part of a new clinical approach this paper introduces some preliminary studies in the computerised detection of the disease. In particular we consider the problems of registering 3D laser data with a digital image. We introduce a new method based on windowed mutual information and show that it performs better than the standard mutual information technique.
keywords: {diseases;eye;image registration;measurement by laser beam;medical image processing;3D laser data;clinical approach;computerised detection;detection;digital image;glaucoma;multimodal retinal imaging;windowed mutual information;worldwide disease;Blindness;Diseases;Graphics;Image analysis;Laser theory;Mutual information;Optical imaging;Optical sensors;Retina;Surface topography},
URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=1038923&isnumber=22267
Jong-Min Park and Hyae-Duk Yae, "Analysis of active feature selection in optic nerve data using labeled fuzzy C-means clustering," Fuzzy Systems, 2002. FUZZ-IEEE'02. Proceedings of the 2002 IEEE International Conference on, Honolulu, HI, 2002, pp. 1580-1585.
doi: 10.1109/FUZZ.2002.1006742
Abstract: Describes an iterative analysis technique that aids in the process of searching for an optimal set of features for classification, and its application to detection of early glaucoma from optic nerve data in an evolving data acquisition system. The selection and evaluation of features were done using fuzzy C-means clustering and support vector machines. The clustering method was updated using a semi-supervised process. The search space for feature selection was reduced using an active feature selection algorithm. Data samples from different stages of the evolving system are analyzed and evaluated
keywords: {eye;feature extraction;fuzzy set theory;iterative methods;laser applications in medicine;learning (artificial intelligence);learning automata;neural nets;patient diagnosis;pattern classification;pattern clustering;polarimetry;active feature selection;classification;early glaucoma;evolving data acquisition system;iterative analysis technique;labeled fuzzy C-means clustering;optic nerve data;search space;semi-supervised process;support vector machines;Data mining;Diseases;Feature extraction;Hardware;Machine learning;Nerve fibers;Optical sensors;Pattern analysis;Pattern classification;Testing},
URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=1006742&isnumber=21722
R. K. Ghanta et al., "Ultrahigh resolution retinal imaging with optical coherence tomography," Lasers and Electro-Optics, 2000. (CLEO 2000). Conference on, San Francisco, CA, USA, 2000, pp. 506-508.
doi: 10.1109/CLEO.2000.907317
Abstract: Summary form only given. Current clinical practice calls for the development of techniques to diagnose retinal disease in its early stages, when treatment is most effective and significant irreversible damage can either be prevented or delayed. At 10-/spl mu/m axial resolution, optical coherence tomography (OCT) already provides more detailed structural information than any other conventional imaging technique. However the detection of many of the early changes associated with diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy, can require more accurate quantitation of retinal structure than is possible with standard resolution OCT. The axial resolution of OCT in clinical ophthalmic systems is limited to 10-15 /spl mu/m by the bandwidth of superluminescent diodes light sources used for imaging. The paper presents the development and application of a third-generation ophthalmic OCT system, with 3-/spl mu/m axial resolution, for in vivo quantitative structural and functional imaging of the retina.
keywords: {biomedical imaging;biomedical measurement;diseases;eye;image resolution;light coherence;light sources;optical tomography;superluminescent diodes;age-related macular degeneration;axial resolution;clinical ophthalmic systems;clinical practice;diabetic retinopathy;diseases;glaucoma;imaging;imaging technique;in vivo quantitative functional imaging;in vivo quantitative structural imaging;irreversible damage;optical coherence tomography;retina;retinal disease;retinal structure;structural information;superluminescent diodes light sources;third-generation ophthalmic OCT system;ultrahigh resolution retinal imaging;Bandwidth;Degenerative diseases;Delay effects;Diabetes;Image resolution;Optical imaging;Retina;Retinopathy;Superluminescent diodes;Tomography},
URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=907317&isnumber=19501
Z. S. Sacks, R. M. Kurtz, G. Mouron and T. Juhasa, "Subsurface femtosecond photodisruption for glaucoma surgery," Lasers and Electro-Optics, 2000. (CLEO 2000). Conference on, San Francisco, CA, USA, 2000, pp. 446-.
doi: 10.1109/CLEO.2000.907230
Abstract: Summary form only given. Over five million people worldwide have become blind due to complications arising from glaucoma. In the United States alone, over two million people have glaucoma and are already at risk of becoming blind. Current treatments to prevent blindness concentrate on reducing the elevated pressure in the eye associated with glaucoma. Conventional mechanical glaucoma surgeries to create drainage channels often fail due to damage to the overlying tissues, infection, and lack of precision. Femtosecond photodisruption provides a method for producing a subsurface precise surgery as has already been shown in the transparent cornea. To achieve the tight focusing necessary for photodisruption in the highly scattering sclera, the authors induced transparency using a dehydrating agent. For the first time to their knowledge, they demonstrate subsurface channels in the sclera for potential glaucoma and presbyopia surgeries. In addition, the authors show 10 micron features and highly localized collateral damage.
keywords: {eye;laser applications in medicine;optical focusing;surgery;transparency;vision defects;10 micron features;10 mum;United States;blind people;conventional mechanical glaucoma surgeries;dehydrating agent;drainage channels;elevated eye pressure;glaucoma surgery;highly localized collateral damage;highly scattering sclera;overlying tissues damage;presbyopia surgeries;subsurface femtosecond photodisruption;subsurface precise surgeries;tight focusing;transparency induction;Biodegradation;Biomedical optical imaging;Laser surgery;Proteins;Rail to rail inputs;Solid lasers;Ultrafast optics},
URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=907230&isnumber=19501
S. Yazdanfar, A. M. Rollins and J. A. Izatt, "In vivo human retinal blood flow imaging using color Doppler optical coherence tomography," Lasers and Electro-Optics, 1999. CLEO '99. Summaries of Papers Presented at the Conference on, Baltimore, MD, USA, 1999, pp. CPD12/1-CPD12/2.
doi: 10.1109/CLEO.1999.834613
Abstract: We demonstrate color Doppler optical coherence tomography in the living, undilated human eye for the first time. This technology has implications in the pathological understanding of diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and other diseases afflicting retinal microvasculature.
keywords: {biomedical imaging;blood flow measurement;diseases;eye;optical tomography;color Doppler optical coherence tomography;diabetic retinopathy;glaucoma;in vivo human retinal blood flow imaging;living undilated human eye;pathology;retinal microvasculature;Blood flow;Diabetes;Diseases;In vivo;Optical imaging;Pathology;Retina;Retinopathy;Tomography},
URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=834613&isnumber=17705
L. R. Marshall and W. Kelsoe, "Diode-pumped solid-state lasers in ophthalmology," Lasers and Electro-Optics Society Annual Meeting, 1997. LEOS '97 10th Annual Meeting. Conference Proceedings., IEEE, San Francisco, CA, 1997, pp. 175-176 vol.1.
doi: 10.1109/LEOS.1997.630574
Abstract: Visible lasers operating in the green and yellow regions of the spectrum have long been employed for ophthalmic medicine. Tissue response to various wavelengths enables new treatment modalities: visible radiation passes through the cornea for conventional retinal treatment; IR radiation can avoid the cornea and pass through the more robust sclara (white of the eye), and near IR radiation exhibits some absorption allowing tran-sclaral treatment with heating of the trabecular meshwork, or pigmented regions of the retina. The requirement for true CW laser output has made the creation of an effective solid-state replacement of the ion laser quite difficult. While obtaining CW yellow output remains fairly elusive, next generation intracavity doubled diode-pumped solid state lasers producing CW green outputs are now in the medical market. Recent advances in nonlinear materials have brought about new nonlinear media. While diode-pumped laser sources have advanced for CW green and yellow generation, pump diodes themselves have also improved in beam quality and wavelength agility. In addition to wavelength agility of the treatment source, pulse format also appears to be a significant variable in patient response to treatment. We discuss the application of these lasers in ophthalmic medicine for diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, glaucoma, and treatment of ocular tumors through photodynamic therapy and thermal coagulation
keywords: {eye;hyperthermia;laser applications in medicine;light absorption;optical focusing;optical frequency conversion;optical pumping;radiation therapy;solid lasers;CW green outputs;IR radiation;absorption;beam quality;cornea;diabetic retinopathy;diode-pumped solid-state lasers;eye white;glaucoma;green region;high beam quality laser radiation focusing;intracavity doubled diode-pumped solid state lasers;local heating;near IR radiation;noninvasive treatment;nonlinear materials;ocular tumors;ophthalmic medicine;ophthalmology;photodynamic therapy;pigmented regions;prematurity;pulse format;retina;retinopathy;sclara;thermal coagulation;tissue response;trabecular meshwork;tran-sclaral treatment;treatment modalities;visible lasers;wavelength agility;yellow region;Cornea;Diodes;Electromagnetic wave absorption;Laser excitation;Medical treatment;Pump lasers;Retina;Retinopathy;Robustness;Solid lasers},
URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=630574&isnumber=13696
R. V. S. Satyanarayana and C. Raja Rao, "Excimer lasers: emerging applications in opthalmology," Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 1995 and 14th Conference of the Biomedical Engineering Society of India. An International Meeting, Proceedings of the First Regional Conference., IEEE, New Delhi, 1995, pp. 3/3-3/4.
doi: 10.1109/RCEMBS.1995.532190
Abstract: Lasers are being extensively used in different spheres of medical treatment-cardiology, gastroentrology, opthalmology, dermatology, oncology etc. In all these fields lasers have either replaced the methods hitherto practised or used as an effective back-up to the existing methods. The introduction of lasers in opthalmology has had a major impact on several of the most important disorders encountered by opthalmologists. The use of lasers in the treatment of glaucoma and in the performance of posterior capsulotomics represents a revolutionary advance in the management of these conditions. Large scale clinical trials have documented the beneficial role of laser photocoagulation in the treatment of diabetic related retinal diseases and the age related macular degenerations. Lasers, especially excimers, show great promise for patients suffering from loss of vision due to diabetic retinopathy. This paper highlights the laser tissue interactions and emphasises the role of excimers in opthalmology
keywords: {biological effects of laser radiation;excimer lasers;eye;laser applications in medicine;radiation therapy;age related macular degenerations;diabetic related retinal diseases;diabetic retinopathy;disorders;excimer lasers;glaucoma;large scale clinical trials;laser photocoagulation;laser tissue interactions;opthalmology;posterior capsulotomics;treatment;Clinical trials;Degenerative diseases;Diabetes;Gas lasers;Large-scale systems;Laser applications;Medical treatment;Oncology;Retina;Retinopathy},
URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=532190&isnumber=11132
C. M. Parfitt, F. S. Mikelberg and N. V. Swindale, "The detection of glaucoma using an artificial neural network," Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 1995., IEEE 17th Annual Conference, Montreal, Que., 1995, pp. 847-848 vol.1.
doi: 10.1109/IEMBS.1995.575393
Abstract: The scanning laser ophthalmoscope is a device used by ophthalmologists to obtain topographic images of patients' optic nerve heads (ONHs). Measurements are taken from these images that quantitatively describe the shape of the ONH. Glaucoma involves the loss of retinal nerve fibers, which in turn produces a change in the ONH shape. However, it is not known which shape parameters are most relevant to the diagnosis of glaucoma. To solve this problem, a feedforward artificial neural network (ANN) was designed to discriminate between patient data. Patients were first independently classified using perimetry data (visual fields) into normal and abnormal (glaucomatous) groups. The ANN was trained using error backpropagation (n=89 samples) and the classification model was cross validated using one normal, and one abnormal sample. The entire data set (45 normals and 46 abnormals) was utilized for cross validation and each time the error rate of the training set was required to be less than 15%. The ANN gave an overall classification rate of 86.7%, with a specificity (correct normals) of 88.9% and a sensitivity (correct abnormals) of 84.4%. The ANN classification model, with only two hidden units, generalized well which indicates that the ONH measurements are useful for the detection of glaucoma
keywords: {eye;feedforward neural nets;image classification;laser applications in medicine;medical image processing;vision defects;artificial neural network;classification model;classification rate;error backpropagation;error rate;glaucoma detection;hidden units;medical diagnostic imaging;optic nerve heads;retinal nerve fibers loss;scanning laser ophthalmoscope;topographic images;visual fields;Artificial neural networks;Fiber lasers;Head;Optical computing;Optical devices;Optical fiber losses;Optical network units;Optical sensors;Retina;Shape measurement},
URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=575393&isnumber=12495
R. A. Hill, "Erbium(Er):YAG lasers in the surgical treatment of open angle glaucoma," Lasers and Electro-Optics Society Annual Meeting, 1993. LEOS '93 Conference Proceedings. IEEE, San Jose, CA, 1993, pp. 255-256.
doi: 10.1109/LEOS.1993.379013
Abstract: Pulsed infrared lasers have generated considerable interest in the “minimally invasive” creation of sclerostomies for the surgical treatment of glaucoma. The two lasers currently receiving the most attention for filtration surgery are the THC:YAG (holmium) and the Er:YAG laser. Another surgery currently under investigation is Er:YAG laser trabecular ablation (LTA)
keywords: {eye;laser applications in medicine;radiation therapy;solid lasers;surgery;Er:YAG laser trabecular ablation;Er:YAG lasers;YAG:Er;YAl5O12:Er;filtration surgery;open angle glaucoma;pulsed infrared lasers;sclerostomies;surgical treatment;Erbium-doped fiber lasers;Filtering;Filtration;Iris;Laser ablation;Laser surgery;Lenses;Medical treatment;Minimally invasive surgery;Optical pulse generation},
URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=379013&isnumber=8626
M. S. Berlin and R. Ahn, "Laser applications in glaucoma filtering surgery," Lasers and Electro-Optics Society Annual Meeting, 1993. LEOS '93 Conference Proceedings. IEEE, San Jose, CA, 1993, pp. 254-.
doi: 10.1109/LEOS.1993.379014
Abstract: Summary form only given. Laser sclerostomy essentially requires that the organic polymers of the sclera are fragmented and ejected in a gaseous state. This tissue phase change may be brought about by 1) photovaporization: thermal molecular fragmentation; 2) photodisruption: plasma expansion and predominantly mechanical molecular fragmentation, or 3) photodissociation: direct nonthermal decomposition. Lasers currently available to achieve these ends include: holmium:YAG (photothermal), Q-switched Nd:YAG (photodisruptive), excimer and erbium:YAG (photodissociative). This presentation reviews these laser systems and their current efficacy in laser sclerostomy
keywords: {biomolecular effects of radiation;biothermics;excimer lasers;eye;laser applications in medicine;neodymium;photodissociation;photothermal effects;radiation therapy;solid lasers;surgery;vaporisation;Er:YAG lasers;Ho:YAG lasers;Q-switched Nd:YAG lasers;YAG:Er;YAG:Ho;YAG:Nd;YAl5O12:Er;YAl5O12:Ho;YAl5O12:Nd;direct nonthermal decomposition;excimer lasers;gaseous state;glaucoma filtering surgery;laser applications;laser sclerostomy;laser systems;mechanical molecular fragmentation;organic polymers;photodisruption;photodissociation;photovaporization;plasma expansion;sclera;thermal molecular fragmentation;tissue phase change;Cornea;Filtering;Gas lasers;Laboratories;Laser applications;Laser surgery;Medical treatment;Optical control;Thermal decomposition;Thermal expansion},
URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=379014&isnumber=8626
R. A. Hill, S. Nelson, D. Stern, M. L. Lesiecki and M. W. Berns, "New applications for pulsed and CW lasers in treatment of Glaucoma," LEOS '92, Conference Proceedings. IEEE Lasers and Electro-Optics Society, 1992 Annual Meeting, 1992, pp. 658-659.
doi: 10.1109/LEOS.1992.694144
Abstract: Not Available
keywords: {Erbium-doped fiber lasers;Fiber lasers;Laser ablation;Laser excitation;Laser surgery;Optical control;Optical fibers;Optical pulses;Photochemistry;Pump lasers},
URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=694144&isnumber=7484
K. P. Thompson, Q. S. Ren and J. M. Parel, "Therapeutic and diagnostic application of lasers in ophthalmology," in Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 80, no. 6, pp. 838-860, Jun 1992.
doi: 10.1109/5.149448
Abstract: The authors provide an overview of the present status of clinical and research applications for lasers in ophthalmology. They discuss therapeutic applications of lasers according to photothermal, photodisruptive, and photochemical mechanisms of laser-tissue interaction. Current diagnostic applications of lasers in ophthalmology are also reviewed. It is noted that lasers are in ubiquitous clinical use for many therapeutic and diagnostic purposes and their application has become the standard of care in the treatment of many eye diseases including diabetic retinopathy, vascular disease, glaucoma, and the treatment of capsular opacification following cataract surgery. Many new laser applications are under investigation, including refractive surgery, removal of cataracts, vitrea-retinal surgery, and diagnostic studies
keywords: {eye;laser applications in medicine;patient diagnosis;reviews;surgery;capsular opacification;cataract removal;diabetic retinopathy;diagnostic application;eye disease treatment;glaucoma;laser-tissue interaction;ophthalmology;photochemical mechanisms;photodisruptive mechanisms;photothermal mechanisms;refractive surgery;therapeutic applications;vascular disease;vitrea-retinal surgery;Argon;Cardiovascular diseases;Humans;Laser applications;Laser surgery;Lenses;Medical diagnostic imaging;Medical treatment;Photochemistry;Pump lasers},
URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=149448&isnumber=3945
C. H. T. Burrows and J. M. Girkin, "Lasers in ophthalmology: new lasers, new optics, new frontiers," Optical Techniques and Biomedical Applications, IEE Colloquium on, London, 1991, pp. 5/1-5/2.
Abstract: The authors discuss progress of lasers in ophthalmology on five fronts, diagnostic and surgical. Previously, diagnostic techniques, utilising lasers have been limited and esoteric; however, the emergence of the laser scanning ophthalmoscope holds much promise. On the surgical front, the application of newer lasers for new procedures to relieve glaucoma and more sophisticated controls such as short bursts of femtosecond or picosecond pulses in order to restrict the damage zones promise better treatments for sight threatening diseases
URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=181791&isnumber=4621
Comparison of the morphologic changes after selective laser trabeculoplasty and argon laser trabeculoplasty in human eye bank eyes
TR Kramer, RJ Noecker - Ophthalmology, 2001 - Elsevier
... These settings were used to mimic clinical application of each laser. ... Repeated ALT is typically
limited to two applications because of the coagulative damage and fibrosis that ... Selective targeting
of trabecular meshwork cells: in vitro studies of pulsed and CW laser interactions. ...
limited to two applications because of the coagulative damage and fibrosis that ... Selective targeting
of trabecular meshwork cells: in vitro studies of pulsed and CW laser interactions. ...
Selective laser trabeculoplasty vargon laser trabeculoplasty: a prospective randomised clinical trial
KF Damji, KC Shah, WJ Rock, HS Bains… - British journal of …, 1999 - bjo.bmj.com
... Q switched, frequency doubled, 532 Nd:YAG laser) using 50 non-overlapping applications, with
a ... Hence with pulse duration of 3 ns, SLT selectively confines the energy to the pigmented ... C. (1995)
Selective targeting of trabecular meshwork cells: in vitro studies of pulsed and cw ...
a ... Hence with pulse duration of 3 ns, SLT selectively confines the energy to the pigmented ... C. (1995)
Selective targeting of trabecular meshwork cells: in vitro studies of pulsed and cw ...
Mid-IR laser applications in medicine
B Jean, T Bende - Solid-State Mid-Infrared Laser Sources, 2003 - Springer
... a dry operative field, hemostasis and also benefits from reduced postoperative pain, due to
localized application, minimizing collateral ... high water content, brain tissue can be removed with
much higher preci- sion with a pulsed Er:YAG ... Mid-IR Laser Applications in Medicine 531 ...
localized application, minimizing collateral ... high water content, brain tissue can be removed with
much higher preci- sion with a pulsed Er:YAG ... Mid-IR Laser Applications in Medicine 531 ...
Apparatus and method for treating glaucoma using a gonioscopic laser trabecular ablation procedure
JC Hsia, S Melamed, JA Lowery - US Patent 6,059,772, 2000 - Google Patents
... 48 is switched and the operator, through control 44, activates the laser 42 for pulse application
of radiation. ... 33, S. Venkatesh et al.; In Vitro Studies with a Pulsed Neodymium/YAG Laser; British
J. of Ophth ... Purkinjie image-based alignment of suction ring in ophthalmic applications. ...
of radiation. ... 33, S. Venkatesh et al.; In Vitro Studies with a Pulsed Neodymium/YAG Laser; British
J. of Ophth ... Purkinjie image-based alignment of suction ring in ophthalmic applications. ...
Immediate intraocular pressure response to selective laser trabeculoplasty
P Lanzetta, U Menchini, G Virgili - British journal of ophthalmology, 1999 - bjo.bmj.com
... Latina and Park12 demonstrated that a 532 nm Q-switched Nd:YAG laser with a single pulse
of short ... Ticho U,; Zauberman H. (1976) Argon laser application to the ... text]. ↵: Latina MA,; Park
C. (1995) Selective targeting of trabecular meshwork cells: in vitro studies of pulsed and CW ...
of short ... Ticho U,; Zauberman H. (1976) Argon laser application to the ... text]. ↵: Latina MA,; Park
C. (1995) Selective targeting of trabecular meshwork cells: in vitro studies of pulsed and CW ...
[PDF] Long-term clinical results of selective laser trabeculoplasty in the treatment of primary open angle glaucoma
FS Weinand, F Althen - European journal of ophthalmology, 2006 - medlib.yu.ac.kr
... any glaucoma other than OAG, a present or warrant- ed condition with application of local ... The
average number of applications of hypotensive medication before treatment was 2.5 (range
1–5 ... C. Selective targeting of trabecular mesh- work cells: in vitro studies of pulsed and CW ...
average number of applications of hypotensive medication before treatment was 2.5 (range
1–5 ... C. Selective targeting of trabecular mesh- work cells: in vitro studies of pulsed and CW ...
Five‐year follow up of selective laser trabeculoplasty in Chinese eyes
JSM Lai, JKH Chua, CCY Tham… - Clinical & experimental …, 2004 - Wiley Online Library
... cells and collagen trabecular beams 4,5 . SLT is a frequency-doubled Q-switched Nd:YAG
(wavelength 532 nm) laser system that delivers energy with short pulse duration and ... The efficacy
of cw Nd:YAG laser trabeculoplasty. ... in vitro studies of pulsed and CW laser interactions. ...
(wavelength 532 nm) laser system that delivers energy with short pulse duration and ... The efficacy
of cw Nd:YAG laser trabeculoplasty. ... in vitro studies of pulsed and CW laser interactions. ...
[HTML] Selective laser trabeculoplasty as primary treatment for open-angle glaucoma: a prospective, nonrandomized pilot study
S Melamed, GJB Simon… - Archives of …, 2003 - archopht.jamanetwork.com
Research from JAMA Ophthalmology — Selective Laser Trabeculoplasty as Primary Treatment
for Open-angle Glaucoma — A Prospective, Nonrandomized Pilot Study.
for Open-angle Glaucoma — A Prospective, Nonrandomized Pilot Study.
Micropulsed diode laser therapy: evolution and clinical applications
S Sivaprasad, M Elagouz, D McHugh, O Shona… - Survey of …, 2010 - Elsevier
... We provide an overview of the evolution of laser technology, clinical applications of subthreshold ...
inner blood–retinal barrier, regardless of the type or location of the laser application. ... Repetitively
pulsed lasers, delivering the energy with a train of low-power micropulses, provide ...
Cited by 57 Related articles All 9 versions Cite Saveinner blood–retinal barrier, regardless of the type or location of the laser application. ... Repetitively
pulsed lasers, delivering the energy with a train of low-power micropulses, provide ...
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glaucoma is a condition that manifests as a result of the optic nerve injury caused by the increased intraocular pressure.glaucoma surgery
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